Table A2. Examples of reforms and...

Table A2.

Examples of reforms and policies affecting women entrepreneurs in Tanzania

Before 1990	1990s		2000s		2010s
Structural Adjustment Programmes launched	Trade liberalisation ^a	Individualisation of Land Rights (1999) (from village land to investors’ land) ^b	Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP) ^c	Kilimo Kwanza (agriculture first), including amendments to Land Act to facilitate private investment ^d	Big Results Now, increased focus on an investor’s lens ^e	The Mining Act (2010) and the Petroleum Act (2015), Return of the state (?) ^f
	Opening for foreign investments ^g		Privatisation of infrastructure ^h	National strategy for growth and reduction of poverty (NSGRP), 2005 ⁱ	Local promotion of individual agency ^j
			Property and business formalisation programme, MKURABITA (2004) ^k	Public-private partnership as the new development order (after Davos 2008) ^l

Before 1990	1990s		2000s		2010s
Structural Adjustment Programmes launched	Trade liberalisation ^a	Individualisation of Land Rights (1999) (from village land to investors’ land) ^b	Local Government Reform Programme (LGRP) ^c	Kilimo Kwanza (agriculture first), including amendments to Land Act to facilitate private investment ^d	Big Results Now, increased focus on an investor’s lens ^e	The Mining Act (2010) and the Petroleum Act (2015), Return of the state (?) ^f
	Opening for foreign investments ^g		Privatisation of infrastructure ^h	National strategy for growth and reduction of poverty (NSGRP), 2005 ⁱ	Local promotion of individual agency ^j
			Property and business formalisation programme, MKURABITA (2004) ^k	Public-private partnership as the new development order (after Davos 2008) ^l

Notes: ^aGibbon (1995). ^bPallotti (2008) and Engström, 2018 ^cThis included neo-liberal citizenship model and cuts in social welfare (Caplan, 2007; Pallotti 2008). ^dPrivate sector heavily involved in large-scale investments in agriculture (Cooksey, 2012; Sikora et al., 2017; Engström, 2018). ^eEngström, (2018). ^fJacob Pedersen Maganga and Kweka (2016). These institutional changes are not neo-liberal but may rather indicate a turning of the tide. That is, however, not yet certain and outside the scope of this paper. ^gGibbon (1995). ^hChristen et al., (2005). ⁱPallotti (2008). The strategy involves social inclusion, but still as a “natural” result of economic growth. ^jPallotti (2008). ^kPallotti (2008). ^lGreen, 2015 and Engström, (2018)

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