Table 2

Work + learning pedagogies 6–8 and their distinguishing features and authoritative sources

Type of work + learningDistinguishing featuresAuthoritative sources
6. Work-integrated learning
  1. Uses reflective practice

  2. Based in the classroom but integrates work experience into curricula

  3. Seeks to enhance student employability

  4. Develops a talent pipeline for companies

  5. Trains students to apply theoretical concep to practice-based tasks

  6. Uses visits to workplaces, engaged practicums and simulations

  7. Discipline-centred curricula focused on career pathways

  • Rampersad (2015) 

  • Drewery et al. (2020) 

  • Rampersad (2015) 

  • Ferns et al. (2014) 

7. Workplace-based learning
  1. Uses reflective practice

  2. Another term for WIL

  3. Uses internships and workplace visits, particularly by undergraduate students

  4. Develops key competencies in the workplace, so workers can reach higher levels of qualification

  • Scholtz (2020) 

  • Ärlemalm-Hagsér (2017) 

  • Longmuß and Höhne (2017) 

8. Work-based education
  1. Provides work experiences for upper secondary school students, including apprentices

  2. Provides experience through job placements

  3. Focuses on the transition from school to work

  • Bolli and Hof (2018) 

  • Taylor et al. (2015a, b) 

  • Hutchinson et al. (2008) 

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