Table 2

Overview of the constructs, rating sources, sample items and management dyads

Construct of interestRated by ⇨Rating sourceSample item of measurementsManagement (management) dyads
Managerial capabilities of top managersRated by ⇨Executive managers*Item for change-oriented capability: “He/She spots chances for change and plans systematically”Top management. → Dyads of top and executive managers
Managerial capabilities of middle managers
Rated by ⇨
Top managers
Item for relation-oriented capability: “He/She empowers his/her employees”
Middle management. → Dyads of middle and top managers
Managerial capabilities of line managersRated by ⇨Middle managersItem for task-oriented capability: “He/She regularly monitors the goals that have to be achieved”Lower mgt. → Dyads of line and middle managers
Managerial effectiveness of all managers
Rated by ⇨
HR-consortia including 3 people
In how far did the manager attain his/her goals within the last 12 months?
–

Note(s): *Executive managers only provided capability ratings but did not receive some. Line managers reported to middle managers; middle managers reported to top managers; top managers reported to executive managers

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