Table I

Stages of the data competency maturity model

StageDescription
ad hocMinimal data use. Data are disjoint
DefinedData sources are cataloged and described. Decision makers understand the weakness and strengths of the data they use. Summary analyses are common
IntegratedData are integrated through tools such as data warehouses and data visualization tools. Correlational analyses are possible. Culture of evidence-based decision making develops
OptimizedData management and statistical skills are present in the organization. Efforts are made to optimize the use of available data. Diagnostic and predictive applications of correlational data are common
AdvancedExperimentation provides causal data. Institutional review boards become necessary

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