Table 2

Summary of published correlations

Correlation (year)FormulaRock typeBased on pile load tests?
Rosenberg and Journeaux (1976) 0·375 × (UCS)0·515Weathered and soft rocksYes
Horvath (1978) 0·33 × (UCS)0·5Yes
Horvath and Kenney (1979) (0·20 to 0·25) × (UCS)0·5Shale and mudstone
Meigh and Wolski (1979) 0·22 × (UCS)0·6
Williams et al. (1980) αβ × (UCS)Melbourne MudstoneNo
Williams and Pells (1981) αβ × (UCS)Sandstone, shale and mudstoneNo
Horvath et al. (1983) (0·20 to 0·30) × (UCS)0·5Shale and mudstoneYes
Abbs and Needham (1985) 0·375 × (UCS) for UCS < 1 MPa
0·375 + 0·1875 × (UCS − 1) for UCS = 1–3 MPa
0·75 for UCS > 3 MPa
Weak carbonate rocksYes
Rowe and Armitage (1987) (regular)0·45 × (UCS)0·5Yes
Rowe and Armitage (1987) (rough)0·60 × (UCS)0·5Yes
Carter and Kulhawy (1987) 0·15 × (UCS)
Reese and O’Neil (1988) 0·15 × (UCS) for UCS < 1·9 MPa
0·2 × (UCS)0·5 for higher UCS
Zhang and Einstein (1998) (smooth)0·40 × (UCS)0·5Based on an array of ground conditions – test results taken from literatureYes
Zhang and Einstein (1998) (rough)0·80 × (UCS)0·5Yes
O’Neill and Reese (1999) (IGM)αφ × (UCS)
Charif et al. (2010) 0·18 × (UCS)0·5Weak carbonate rocks in the Middle EastYes

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