Table 5 Comparative results of three...

Table 5

Comparative results of three extraction methods of the EFA

Components and items included	PC + varimax		PAF + varimax		ML + varimax
Components and items included	λ	δ	λ	δ	λ	δ
Student's learning readiness
Q1	0.889	0.875	0.653	0.527	0.718	0.503
Q5	0.817	0.853	0.613	0.508	0.602	0.434
Q6	0.903	0.963	0.874	0.717	0.948	0.634
Eigenvalue = 2.879, % variance explained = 18.24%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.902
Cognitive engagement
Q2	0.688	0.850	0.559	0.803	0.466	0.790
Q7	0.685	0.896	0.578	0.891	0.520	0.919
Q9	0.757	0.842	0.667	0.796	0.618	0.799
Eigenvalue = 1.802, % variance explained = 16.72%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.929
Emotional engagement
Q3	0.734	0.883	0.727	0.889	0.713	0.889
Q4	0.700	0.851	0.705	0.865	0.719	0.888
Q8	0.697	0.709	0.612	0.609	0.599	0.602
Q10	0.690	0.855	0.688	0.861	0.680	0.863
Eigenvalue = 1.315, % variance explained = 7.21%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.938
Intrinsic motivation
Q12	0.594	0.890	0.628	0.915	0.474	0.601
Q13	0.574	0.877	0.613	0.899	0.446	0.568
Q16	0.531	0.837	0.468	0.810	0.391	0.406
Q19	0.504	0.799	0.473	0.701	0.387	0.373
Eigenvalue = 1.099, % variance explained = 3.24%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.918
Extrinsic motivation
Q11	0.508	0.836	−0.633	0.825	0.519	0.617
Q14	0.519	0.819	−0.588	0.822	0.396	0.413
Q15	0.557	0.838	−0.659	0.845	0.487	0.509
Q17	0.728	0.822	−0.538	0.602	0.606	0.698
Eigenvalue = 1.059, % variance explained = 2.56%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.925
Student's perception toward alternative assessment
Q21	0.666	0.819	0.621	0.773	0.619	0.765
Q24	0.673	0.804	0.648	0.771	0.649	0.769
Q25	0.749	0.854	0.733	0.839	0.734	0.837
Q27	0.700	0.863	0.701	0.868	0.701	0.866
Q30	0.677	0.812	0.629	0.750	0.629	0.744
Q31	0.722	0.826	0.678	0.787	0.676	0.785
Q33	0.668	0.821	0.649	0.801	0.651	0.798
Q35	0.638	0.838	0.622	0.815	0.619	0.816
Eigenvalue = 5.762, % variance explained = 19.34%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.965
Competency learning experience
Q22	0.694	0.775	0.555	0.589	0.546	0.569
Q23	0.692	0.851	0.673	0.869	0.627	0.829
Q29	0.683	0.852	0.674	0.858	0.668	0.869
Q32	0.665	0.850	0.658	0.872	0.649	0.922
Eigenvalue = 1.187, % variance explained = 5.30%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.934
Critical thinking learning experience
Q20	0.703	0.829	−0.688	0.806	0.702	0.823
Q26	0.645	0.841	−0.665	0.840	0.659	0.831
Q28	0.620	0.776	−0.639	0.792	0.640	0.755
Q37	0.677	0.792	−0.663	0.772	0.689	0.787
Eigenvalue = 1.269, % variance explained = 5.95%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.914
Student's response behavior toward online learning
Q34	0.613	0.866	0.587	0.846	0.684	0.871
Q36	0.592	0.854	0.469	0.819	0.537	0.744
Q38	0.509	0.821	0.439	0.759	0.519	0.718
Q18	0.545	0.813	0.506	0.739	0.619	0.842
Eigenvalue = 1.124, % variance explained = 5.27%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.929

Components and items included	PC + varimax		PAF + varimax		ML + varimax
Components and items included	λ	δ	λ	δ	λ	δ
Student's learning readiness
Q1	0.889	0.875	0.653	0.527	0.718	0.503
Q5	0.817	0.853	0.613	0.508	0.602	0.434
Q6	0.903	0.963	0.874	0.717	0.948	0.634
Eigenvalue = 2.879, % variance explained = 18.24%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.902
Cognitive engagement
Q2	0.688	0.850	0.559	0.803	0.466	0.790
Q7	0.685	0.896	0.578	0.891	0.520	0.919
Q9	0.757	0.842	0.667	0.796	0.618	0.799
Eigenvalue = 1.802, % variance explained = 16.72%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.929
Emotional engagement
Q3	0.734	0.883	0.727	0.889	0.713	0.889
Q4	0.700	0.851	0.705	0.865	0.719	0.888
Q8	0.697	0.709	0.612	0.609	0.599	0.602
Q10	0.690	0.855	0.688	0.861	0.680	0.863
Eigenvalue = 1.315, % variance explained = 7.21%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.938
Intrinsic motivation
Q12	0.594	0.890	0.628	0.915	0.474	0.601
Q13	0.574	0.877	0.613	0.899	0.446	0.568
Q16	0.531	0.837	0.468	0.810	0.391	0.406
Q19	0.504	0.799	0.473	0.701	0.387	0.373
Eigenvalue = 1.099, % variance explained = 3.24%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.918
Extrinsic motivation
Q11	0.508	0.836	−0.633	0.825	0.519	0.617
Q14	0.519	0.819	−0.588	0.822	0.396	0.413
Q15	0.557	0.838	−0.659	0.845	0.487	0.509
Q17	0.728	0.822	−0.538	0.602	0.606	0.698
Eigenvalue = 1.059, % variance explained = 2.56%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.925
Student's perception toward alternative assessment
Q21	0.666	0.819	0.621	0.773	0.619	0.765
Q24	0.673	0.804	0.648	0.771	0.649	0.769
Q25	0.749	0.854	0.733	0.839	0.734	0.837
Q27	0.700	0.863	0.701	0.868	0.701	0.866
Q30	0.677	0.812	0.629	0.750	0.629	0.744
Q31	0.722	0.826	0.678	0.787	0.676	0.785
Q33	0.668	0.821	0.649	0.801	0.651	0.798
Q35	0.638	0.838	0.622	0.815	0.619	0.816
Eigenvalue = 5.762, % variance explained = 19.34%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.965
Competency learning experience
Q22	0.694	0.775	0.555	0.589	0.546	0.569
Q23	0.692	0.851	0.673	0.869	0.627	0.829
Q29	0.683	0.852	0.674	0.858	0.668	0.869
Q32	0.665	0.850	0.658	0.872	0.649	0.922
Eigenvalue = 1.187, % variance explained = 5.30%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.934
Critical thinking learning experience
Q20	0.703	0.829	−0.688	0.806	0.702	0.823
Q26	0.645	0.841	−0.665	0.840	0.659	0.831
Q28	0.620	0.776	−0.639	0.792	0.640	0.755
Q37	0.677	0.792	−0.663	0.772	0.689	0.787
Eigenvalue = 1.269, % variance explained = 5.95%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.914
Student's response behavior toward online learning
Q34	0.613	0.866	0.587	0.846	0.684	0.871
Q36	0.592	0.854	0.469	0.819	0.537	0.744
Q38	0.509	0.821	0.439	0.759	0.519	0.718
Q18	0.545	0.813	0.506	0.739	0.619	0.842
Eigenvalue = 1.124, % variance explained = 5.27%. Cronbach's alpha = 0.929

Note(s): The negative signs in the loading values indicate that these items were located at the negative axis of the rotation method; all three extraction methods of the EFA produce the same value of eigenvalues and hence produce the same variance explained from the extracted components which is 83.83%; PC = principal component; PAF = principal axis factoring; ML = maximum likelihood; λ = loading value; δ = communality value; refer to Appendix for code item definition

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