Table 1 Selected geotechnical properties...

Table 1

Selected geotechnical properties of various biosolids, sewage sludge and WTR materials

Material	Liquid limit: %	Plastic limit: %	Plasticity index: %	Specific gravity	TVS: %	pH	Silt- and clay-sized particles: wt%	Rate dependence parameter, μ b	Soil classificationb (BSI, 2015)
Sewage sludge 1 (O’Kelly 2006, 2008b, 2013a, 2013c)	315	55	260	1·55	70	8·0	—	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 2 (Chen et al., 2014)	115	75	40	2·05	61–70	—	48	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 3 (Diliūnas et al., 2010)	352	215	137	1·69	57·0	7–8	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 4 (Lin et al., 2013)	—	—	256	1·61	43·0	—	—	—	—
Sewage sludge 5 (Zhan et al., 2014)	353	106	247	1·73–1·95	32·3–51·0	—	75	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludges 6a–6e (from drying beds) (Stone et al., 1998)	66–165a	57–117a	0–48a	0·93–2·04	14·3–67·2	—	0·5–3·5	—	Organic silt of high to extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 7 (He et al., 2015)	515·1	94·8	420·3	1·61	—	—	—	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 1d	458	68	390	1·68	63	7·8	78	0·39 (w = 100%)	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 2 (Kayser et al., 2011)	666	105	561	1·62	66–70	8·3	>92·1	0·38 (w = 355%)	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 2 (w = 355%) amended with 20% lime (Kayser et al., 2011)	—	—	—	—	50–55	12·4	—	0·34	—
Biosolids 3 (air-dried) (Kim et al., 2005)	99	49	50	1·56	38–41	7·9–8·1	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 4 (GLSEC, 2003)	71–119a	54–85a	17–53a	1·81–2·17	32–34	—	40–50	—	Organic silt of high to extremely high plasticity
Aged biosolids 1 (stockpiled) (Arulrajah et al., 2011, 2013)	100–110a	79–83a	21–27a	1·86–1·88	35·4–38·5	4·67	37–50	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Aged biosolids 2 (stockpiled) (Wanigaratne and Udamulla, 2012)	79·8a	Non-plastica	0a	1·93	25·5	—	—	—	Organic silt (non plastic)
Aged biosolids 3 (air-dried in stockpile) (Maghoolpilehrood et al., 2013)	100	80	20	1·77	27	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Aged biosolids 4 (air-dried in stockpile) (Maghoolpilehrood et al., 2014, 2015)	61·5a	25·1a	36·4a	2·58	9·9–10·4	7·38	40	—	Organic clay of high plasticity
Aged biosolids 5 (stockpiled, >12 years) (Ukwatta et al., 2015)	46–67a	21–41a	25–33a	2·43–2·52	6·3–14·4	—	10–18	—	Organic clay of intermediate to high plasticity
Aged biosolids 6 (stockpiled) (Ukwatta et al., 2016)	53a	27a	26a	2·51	7·1	—	10	—	Organic clay of high plasticity
Alum WTR 1 (O’Kelly, 2008a)	490	240	250	1·86	57	8·6	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 2 (O’Kelly, 2010)	550	260	290	1·99	45	7·1	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 3 (O’Kelly, 2010)	430	220	210	1·90	46	7·2	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 4 (O’Kelly, 2014a, 2014b, 2016c)	513	268	245	1·86	57	8·6	—	0·20 (w = 222%)	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 5 (Wang et al., 1992; Wang and Tseng, 1993)	550	239	311	2·26	—	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 6 (Wang et al., 1992)	423	137	286	2·33	—	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 7 (Basim, 1999)	371	228	143	1·88	38	—	81	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 8 (Basim, 1999)	206	115	91	2·00	30	—	69	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 9 (Roque and Carvalho, 2006)	107·5	81·7	25·8	2·27	10	—	86	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum and lime WTR 1 (Basim, 1999)	329	200	129	2·38	30	—	98	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum and lime WTR 2 (Raghu and Hsieh, 1986)	—	—	c	1·90	33·5	—	84	—	—
Alum and polymer WTR 1 (Basim, 1999)	690	20	670	2·12	38	—	56	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Polymer WTR 1 (Basim, 1999)	161	57	104	2·26	31	—	71	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Iron WTR 1 (Wang et al., 1992)	108	47	61	2·72	—	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Lime-softening sludge 1 (Raghu and Hsieh, 1986)	38	31	7	2·65	9·3	—	51	—	Silt of intermediate plasticity
Lime-softening sludge 2 (Fei et al., 2016)	38	32	6	2·57	—	11	83	—	Silt of intermediate plasticity

Material	Liquid limit: %	Plastic limit: %	Plasticity index: %	Specific gravity	TVS: %	pH	Silt- and clay-sized particles: wt%	Rate dependence parameter, μ b	Soil classificationb (BSI, 2015)
Sewage sludge 1 (O’Kelly 2006, 2008b, 2013a, 2013c)	315	55	260	1·55	70	8·0	—	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 2 (Chen et al., 2014)	115	75	40	2·05	61–70	—	48	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 3 (Diliūnas et al., 2010)	352	215	137	1·69	57·0	7–8	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 4 (Lin et al., 2013)	—	—	256	1·61	43·0	—	—	—	—
Sewage sludge 5 (Zhan et al., 2014)	353	106	247	1·73–1·95	32·3–51·0	—	75	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludges 6a–6e (from drying beds) (Stone et al., 1998)	66–165a	57–117a	0–48a	0·93–2·04	14·3–67·2	—	0·5–3·5	—	Organic silt of high to extremely high plasticity
Sewage sludge 7 (He et al., 2015)	515·1	94·8	420·3	1·61	—	—	—	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 1d	458	68	390	1·68	63	7·8	78	0·39 (w = 100%)	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 2 (Kayser et al., 2011)	666	105	561	1·62	66–70	8·3	>92·1	0·38 (w = 355%)	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 2 (w = 355%) amended with 20% lime (Kayser et al., 2011)	—	—	—	—	50–55	12·4	—	0·34	—
Biosolids 3 (air-dried) (Kim et al., 2005)	99	49	50	1·56	38–41	7·9–8·1	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Biosolids 4 (GLSEC, 2003)	71–119a	54–85a	17–53a	1·81–2·17	32–34	—	40–50	—	Organic silt of high to extremely high plasticity
Aged biosolids 1 (stockpiled) (Arulrajah et al., 2011, 2013)	100–110a	79–83a	21–27a	1·86–1·88	35·4–38·5	4·67	37–50	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Aged biosolids 2 (stockpiled) (Wanigaratne and Udamulla, 2012)	79·8a	Non-plastica	0a	1·93	25·5	—	—	—	Organic silt (non plastic)
Aged biosolids 3 (air-dried in stockpile) (Maghoolpilehrood et al., 2013)	100	80	20	1·77	27	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Aged biosolids 4 (air-dried in stockpile) (Maghoolpilehrood et al., 2014, 2015)	61·5a	25·1a	36·4a	2·58	9·9–10·4	7·38	40	—	Organic clay of high plasticity
Aged biosolids 5 (stockpiled, >12 years) (Ukwatta et al., 2015)	46–67a	21–41a	25–33a	2·43–2·52	6·3–14·4	—	10–18	—	Organic clay of intermediate to high plasticity
Aged biosolids 6 (stockpiled) (Ukwatta et al., 2016)	53a	27a	26a	2·51	7·1	—	10	—	Organic clay of high plasticity
Alum WTR 1 (O’Kelly, 2008a)	490	240	250	1·86	57	8·6	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 2 (O’Kelly, 2010)	550	260	290	1·99	45	7·1	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 3 (O’Kelly, 2010)	430	220	210	1·90	46	7·2	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 4 (O’Kelly, 2014a, 2014b, 2016c)	513	268	245	1·86	57	8·6	—	0·20 (w = 222%)	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 5 (Wang et al., 1992; Wang and Tseng, 1993)	550	239	311	2·26	—	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 6 (Wang et al., 1992)	423	137	286	2·33	—	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 7 (Basim, 1999)	371	228	143	1·88	38	—	81	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 8 (Basim, 1999)	206	115	91	2·00	30	—	69	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum WTR 9 (Roque and Carvalho, 2006)	107·5	81·7	25·8	2·27	10	—	86	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum and lime WTR 1 (Basim, 1999)	329	200	129	2·38	30	—	98	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Alum and lime WTR 2 (Raghu and Hsieh, 1986)	—	—	c	1·90	33·5	—	84	—	—
Alum and polymer WTR 1 (Basim, 1999)	690	20	670	2·12	38	—	56	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Polymer WTR 1 (Basim, 1999)	161	57	104	2·26	31	—	71	—	Organic clay of extremely high plasticity
Iron WTR 1 (Wang et al., 1992)	108	47	61	2·72	—	—	—	—	Organic silt of extremely high plasticity
Lime-softening sludge 1 (Raghu and Hsieh, 1986)	38	31	7	2·65	9·3	—	51	—	Silt of intermediate plasticity
Lime-softening sludge 2 (Fei et al., 2016)	38	32	6	2·57	—	11	83	—	Silt of intermediate plasticity

Measured for air-dry material

Deduced in present investigation

Reported as possessing slight to little plasticity

From forthcoming article entitled ‘Shear strength of biosolids for monofill design’ by Oettle, O’Kelly and Ramos

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