Table 2 Potential antimicrobial drugs... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Potential antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of Covid-19 [4, 10, 38–40]

Drug	Classification	Mechanism	Side-effect	Precaution	References
Remdesivir (100 mg/vial, 100 mg/20 ml)	Nucleoside analog	Incorporation into viral RNA chains leading to RNA termination and inhibition of viral replication	Elevated liver enzymes Nausea Rectal bleeding Vomiting	Patients with renal impairment, hypersensitivity, risk for elevated liver enzymes	[4, 10, 39]
Chloroquine (250 mg/tab equivalent to chloroquine base 150 mg/tab)	Antimalarial	Inhibition of viral enzymes or processes, interferes with ACE2 cellular receptor and also impairs the endosomal acidification of the virus, thereby impeding the virus from entering the cells	Anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reaction Neuropsychiatric disorders, neuromuscular impairment, hepatitis, thrombocytopenia Pancytopenia Neutropenia Aplastic anemia	Patients with G6PD deficiency, diabetes and patients with heart diseases due to cardiac arrhythmias It is not recommended for patient use outside of clinical trials or hospitals	[4, 10, 38–40]
Hydroxychloroquine (400 mg/tab equivalent to chloroquine base 310 mg/tab)	Antimalarial	Same as Chloroquine	Same as Chloroquine	Same as Chloroquine It is not recommended for patient use outside of clinical trials or hospitals	[10, 38–40]
Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 200/50 mg/tab 80/20 mg/ml	Protease inhibitor	Inhibition a key enzyme for viral replication	Hypersensitivity reaction, pancreatitis, angioedema, toxic epidermal necrolysis AV block, renal failure Hyperglycemia, Leukopenia Hyperglyceridemia Neutropenia, hepatotoxicity	Patients with heart diseases due to cardiac arrhythmias, patients with liver disease	[10, 38, 39]
Favipiravir 200 mg/tab	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor	Inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that impairs viral RNA synthesis	Neurological and psychiatric symptoms Anaphylaxis Hepatic dysfunction Acute kidney injury Toxic epidermal necrolysis Colitis hemorrhage	Pregnant women due to teratogenicity in animal studies	[4, 38, 39]

Drug	Classification	Mechanism	Side-effect	Precaution	References
Remdesivir (100 mg/vial, 100 mg/20 ml)	Nucleoside analog	Incorporation into viral RNA chains leading to RNA termination and inhibition of viral replication	Elevated liver enzymesNauseaRectal bleedingVomiting	Patients with renal impairment, hypersensitivity, risk for elevated liver enzymes	[4, 10, 39]
Chloroquine (250 mg/tab equivalent to chloroquine base 150 mg/tab)	Antimalarial	Inhibition of viral enzymes or processes, interferes with ACE2 cellular receptor and also impairs the endosomal acidification of the virus, thereby impeding the virus from entering the cells	Anaphylaxis or anaphylactoid reactionNeuropsychiatric disorders, neuromuscular impairment, hepatitis, thrombocytopeniaPancytopeniaNeutropeniaAplastic anemia	Patients with G6PD deficiency, diabetes and patients with heart diseases due to cardiac arrhythmiasIt is not recommended for patient use outside of clinical trials or hospitals	[4, 10, 38–40]
Hydroxychloroquine (400 mg/tab equivalent to chloroquine base 310 mg/tab)	Antimalarial	Same as Chloroquine	Same as Chloroquine	Same as ChloroquineIt is not recommended for patient use outside of clinical trials or hospitals	[10, 38–40]
Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r)200/50 mg/tab80/20 mg/ml	Protease inhibitor	Inhibition a key enzyme for viral replication	Hypersensitivity reaction, pancreatitis, angioedema, toxic epidermal necrolysisAV block, renal failureHyperglycemia, LeukopeniaHyperglyceridemiaNeutropenia, hepatotoxicity	Patients with heart diseases due to cardiac arrhythmias, patients with liver disease	[10, 38, 39]
Favipiravir200 mg/tab	RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitor	Inhibition of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that impairs viral RNA synthesis	Neurological and psychiatric symptomsAnaphylaxisHepatic dysfunctionAcute kidney injuryToxic epidermal necrolysisColitis hemorrhage	Pregnant women due to teratogenicity in animal studies	[4, 38, 39]