The number of retractions (based on Retraction Watch Database on 15 January 2020).
| Year | Global-level, i.e. the world’s total | Country-level (percent) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | China | UK | ||
| 1980 | 11 | 8 (72.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 1985 | 12 | 11 (91.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 1990 | 41 | 20 (48.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.2) |
| 1995 | 48 | 24 (50.0) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) |
| 2000 | 140 | 52 (37.1) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (3.6) |
| 2005 | 379 | 127 (33.5) | 33 (8.7) | 28 (7.4) |
| 2010 | 5082 | 211 (4.2) | 4113 (80.9) | 51 (1.0) |
| 2015 | 1106 | 170 (15.4) | 357 (32.3) | 41 (3.7) |
| 2018 | 759 | 126 (16.6) | 240 (31.6) | 31 (4.1) |
| Year | Global-level, i.e. the world’s total | Country-level (percent) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | China | UK | ||
| 1980 | 11 | 8 (72.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 1985 | 12 | 11 (91.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| 1990 | 41 | 20 (48.8) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.2) |
| 1995 | 48 | 24 (50.0) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.1) |
| 2000 | 140 | 52 (37.1) | 5 (3.6) | 5 (3.6) |
| 2005 | 379 | 127 (33.5) | 33 (8.7) | 28 (7.4) |
| 2010 | 5082 | 211 (4.2) | 4113 (80.9) | 51 (1.0) |
| 2015 | 1106 | 170 (15.4) | 357 (32.3) | 41 (3.7) |
| 2018 | 759 | 126 (16.6) | 240 (31.6) | 31 (4.1) |
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