Table I Summary statistics of the sample...

Table I

Summary statistics of the sample

		Total		2009		2011		2013
Variables	Definition	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Dependent variables
Output value per worker	The real output value per worker (the log of million VND, the original year is 2010)	5.015	0.867	4.905	0.904	5.109	0.849	5.030	0.834
Value added per worker	The real value of valued added per worker (the log of million VND, the original year is 2010)	3.819	0.757	3.658	0.784	3.925	0.751	3.874	0.710
Gross profit per worker	The real gross profit per worker (the log of million VND, the original year is 2010)	3.303	0.839	3.174	0.821	3.414	0.857	3.321	0.821
Independent variables
HRM practices
Training	Whether the company provided regular training activities for at least 50 percent of new recruited workers (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.054	0.225	0.056	0.229	0.072	0.258	0.033	0.179
Training days	The mean number of training days for each training activity (days)	1.131	7.019	1.575	9.271	1.412	7.031	0.405	3.419
Incentive system	Whether the firm provided incentive practices to manage workers including commensurate additional payment systems and fringe benefits (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.201	0.401	0.000	0.000	0.321	0.467	0.282	0.450
HRM cost per worker	The average spending per worker for HRM activities (the log of million VND)	0.027	0.144	0.032	0.196	0.033	0.104	0.014	0.114
Firm characteristics
Firm size	The number of fulltime workers (the log)	1.792	1.128	1.904	1.104	1.777	1.151	1.694	1.118
Household enterprise	Whether the firm’s ownership is household (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.677	0.468	0.693	0.461	0.676	0.468	0.662	0.473
Private/sole proprietorship	Whether the firm’s ownership private or sole proprietorship (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.079	0.270	0.074	0.262	0.082	0.275	0.080	0.271
Partnership/collective/cooperative	Whether the firm’s ownership is partnership or collective or cooperative (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.027	0.161	0.027	0.162	0.026	0.158	0.027	0.164
Limited liability company	Whether the firm’s ownership is limited liability company (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.180	0.384	0.172	0.377	0.178	0.383	0.191	0.393
Joint stock company	Whether the firm’s ownership is joint stock company (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.037	0.189	0.034	0.181	0.038	0.192	0.039	0.194
Informal	Whether the firm did not register the business, or an informal firm (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.336	0.472	0.360	0.480	0.334	0.472	0.314	0.464
Export	Whether the firm is an exporting enterprise (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.062	0.242	0.056	0.229	0.063	0.243	0.069	0.253
Inspection	Whether the firm was inspected last year for policy, technical or other compliances (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.214	0.410	0.568	0.496	0.066	0.248	0.009	0.093
Manager characteristics
Main income from firm	Whether income earned from the firm is the main income source of the manager (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.869	0.338	0.895	0.307	0.851	0.356	0.859	0.348
Veteran	Whether the manager is a veteran (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.071	0.256	0.071	0.257	0.083	0.276	0.058	0.234
Party member	Whether the manager is a member of Communism Party of Vietnam (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.093	0.291	0.071	0.257	0.104	0.305	0.106	0.307
Province characteristics
Provincial competitiveness index (PCI)	The proxy for the quality of business environment for the province where is the firm’s location (score)	55.317	4.598	53.152	5.986	56.300	3.109	56.498	3.300
Observations	The number of firms	4,803		1,601		1,601		1,601

		Total		2009		2011		2013
Variables	Definition	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Dependent variables
Output value per worker	The real output value per worker (the log of million VND, the original year is 2010)	5.015	0.867	4.905	0.904	5.109	0.849	5.030	0.834
Value added per worker	The real value of valued added per worker (the log of million VND, the original year is 2010)	3.819	0.757	3.658	0.784	3.925	0.751	3.874	0.710
Gross profit per worker	The real gross profit per worker (the log of million VND, the original year is 2010)	3.303	0.839	3.174	0.821	3.414	0.857	3.321	0.821
Independent variables
HRM practices
Training	Whether the company provided regular training activities for at least 50 percent of new recruited workers (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.054	0.225	0.056	0.229	0.072	0.258	0.033	0.179
Training days	The mean number of training days for each training activity (days)	1.131	7.019	1.575	9.271	1.412	7.031	0.405	3.419
Incentive system	Whether the firm provided incentive practices to manage workers including commensurate additional payment systems and fringe benefits (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.201	0.401	0.000	0.000	0.321	0.467	0.282	0.450
HRM cost per worker	The average spending per worker for HRM activities (the log of million VND)	0.027	0.144	0.032	0.196	0.033	0.104	0.014	0.114
Firm characteristics
Firm size	The number of fulltime workers (the log)	1.792	1.128	1.904	1.104	1.777	1.151	1.694	1.118
Household enterprise	Whether the firm’s ownership is household (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.677	0.468	0.693	0.461	0.676	0.468	0.662	0.473
Private/sole proprietorship	Whether the firm’s ownership private or sole proprietorship (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.079	0.270	0.074	0.262	0.082	0.275	0.080	0.271
Partnership/collective/cooperative	Whether the firm’s ownership is partnership or collective or cooperative (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.027	0.161	0.027	0.162	0.026	0.158	0.027	0.164
Limited liability company	Whether the firm’s ownership is limited liability company (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.180	0.384	0.172	0.377	0.178	0.383	0.191	0.393
Joint stock company	Whether the firm’s ownership is joint stock company (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.037	0.189	0.034	0.181	0.038	0.192	0.039	0.194
Informal	Whether the firm did not register the business, or an informal firm (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.336	0.472	0.360	0.480	0.334	0.472	0.314	0.464
Export	Whether the firm is an exporting enterprise (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.062	0.242	0.056	0.229	0.063	0.243	0.069	0.253
Inspection	Whether the firm was inspected last year for policy, technical or other compliances (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.214	0.410	0.568	0.496	0.066	0.248	0.009	0.093
Manager characteristics
Main income from firm	Whether income earned from the firm is the main income source of the manager (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.869	0.338	0.895	0.307	0.851	0.356	0.859	0.348
Veteran	Whether the manager is a veteran (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.071	0.256	0.071	0.257	0.083	0.276	0.058	0.234
Party member	Whether the manager is a member of Communism Party of Vietnam (1 = Yes, 0 = No)	0.093	0.291	0.071	0.257	0.104	0.305	0.106	0.307
Province characteristics
Provincial competitiveness index (PCI)	The proxy for the quality of business environment for the province where is the firm’s location (score)	55.317	4.598	53.152	5.986	56.300	3.109	56.498	3.300
Observations	The number of firms	4,803		1,601		1,601		1,601

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