Table 1 Social media fatigue (SMF)...

Table 1

Social media fatigue (SMF) related research

Author/s	Platform	Sample	Antecedents	Outcomes	Findings
Bright et al. (2015)	Facebook	747 users in the US with ages ranging from 18 to 49	SM confidence (SMC), SM self-efficacy (SMSE), SM helpfulness (SMH), privacy concerns (PC)	–	SMC → SMF
Bright et al. (2015)	Facebook	747 users in the US with ages ranging from 18 to 49		–	PC → SMF
Zhang et al. (2016)	Qzone	525 users in China with ages ranging from under 18 to over 35	Information overload (IO), Social overload (SO), System features overload (SFO), Dissatisfaction (D)	Discontinuous usage intention (DUI)	IO → SMF
					SO → SMF
					SFO → SMF
					SMF → DUI
					D → DUI
Dhir et al. (2018)	Facebook	Two datasets: 1,554 and 1,144 students in India aged 12–18 years	Compulsive SNS use (CU), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)	Depression (D) Anxiety (A)	CU → SMF
					SMF → D
					SMF → A
Shokouhyar et al. (2018)	Instagram	163 Instagram users in several universities situated in Tehran (Iran)	Information overload (IO), System feature overload (SFO), Social overload (SO)	Short breaks (SB), Controlled activities (CA), Switch to other platforms (SoP)	IO → SMF
					SFO → SMF
					SMF → SB
					SMF → CA
					SMF → SoP
Cao et al. (2018)	social media in general	305 college students from Pakistan	SM Attachment (SMA), Cyberbullying Victimization (CV), Depression (DEP), Anxiety (ANXY), Moral disengagement (MD)	–	SMA → CV
					SMA → DEP
					SMA → ANXY
					CV → DEP
					CV → ANXY
					CV → SMF
					DEP → SMF
					ANXY → SMF
					SMAxMD* → CV
					*MD is a moderator
Sanz-Blas et al. (2019)	Instagram	342 active Instagram users from Spain aged over 18	Overuse (O), Intrastress (I), Addiction (A)	–	O → A
					O → SMF
					A → SMF
					A → I
Dhir et al. (2019)	Facebook and WhatsApp	1,552 social media users* aged 13 to 18 SNS=Social Networking Site MIM = Mobile Instant Messaging	Privacy concerns (PC), Self-Disclosure (SD), Parental Encouragement (PE), Parental worry (PW), Parental Monitoring (PM), Parental Permission (PP)	Academic performance decrement (APD)	SNS
					PC → SMF
					SD → SMF
					PW → SMF
					SMF → APD
					MIM
					PC → SMF
					SD → SMF
					PW → SMF
					PM → SMF
					SMF → APD
Adhikari and Panda (2019)	Facebook, Twitter, both or others	306 Indian social networking users from 18 to 51 years of age	Self-efficacy (SE), Usefulness (U), Privacy concerns (PC), Ease-of-use (EoU)	Discontinuous usage intentions (DUI)	U → SMF
					PC → SMF
					EoU → SMF
					SMF → DUI
Fan et al. (2020)	WeChat	331 respondents from China	Self-esteem (SE), Role conflict (RC), Privacy concerns (PC)	Control activities (CA), Short breaks (SB) Suspend usage (SU)	RC → PC
					RC → SMF
					PC → SMF
					PC → CA
					SMF → SB
					SMF → SU
					SMF → CA
Malik et al. (2020)	WhatsApp	Two datasets: 1,398 and 472 students from India	Privacy concerns (PC), Social comparison (SC), Self-Disclosure (SD), Intensity of use (IMU), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)	Academic performance decrement (APD)	SC → SMF
					SD → SMF
					IMU → SMF
					SMF → APD
Xie and Tsai (2021)	Weibo	328 respondents from China	Advertising interference (AI), Rumor dissemination (RD), Information equivocality (IE), Perceived information overload (PIO)	Discontinuous Intentions (DI)	AI → SMF
					RD → SMF
					IE → SMF
					AI → PIO
					RD → PIO
					IE → PIO
					PIO → SMF
					PIO → DI
					SMF → DI
Whelan et al. (2020)	social media in general	280 students of an Irish university	Boredom proneness (BP), Information Overload (IO), Communication Overload (CO), SM Use Intensity (UI)	–	BP → SMF
					BP → IO
					BP → CO
					IO → SMF
					CO → SMF
					UI*→ IOxSMF
					* UI is a moderator
Zhang et al. (2020a)	WeChat	352 respondents from China aged between 20–50 years	Information Overload (IO), Compulsive use (CU), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Time cost (TC), Privacy concerns (PRI), Intrinsic motivation (IM), Extrinsic motivation (EM), SM fatigue intention (IN)	SM fatigue behavior (BE)	CU → IN
					IN → BE
					INxEM → BE
					INxIM → BE
					IO → IN
					PRI → IN
					TC → IN
Dai et al. (2020)	WeChat	254 students from China aged 18–35 years	Perceived information overload (PIO), Frustration (FRU), Dissatisfaction (DST)	Information avoidance intention (IAI)	PIO → SMF
					PIO → FRU
					PIO → DST
					FRU → SMF
					FRU → DST
					SMF → DST
					SMF → IAI
					FRU → IAI
					DST → IAI
Pang (2021)	WeChat	566 WeChat users in mainland China	Compulsive use (CU), Information Overload (IO)	Emotional stress (ES), Social anxiety (SA)	IO → SMF
					SMF → ES
					SMF → SA
Teng et al. (2021)	WeChat	452 respondents from China	System function overload (SFO), Information overload (IO), Social overload (SO), Privacy concern (PC)	Negative usage behavior (NUB)	SFO → IO
					IO → SMF
					SO → SMF
					PC → SMF
					SMF → NUB
Al-Shatti et al. (2022)	Instagram	Two datasets: (n = 480 from Kuwait and n = 299 from the UK)	Impression management Concern (IMC) Gender (G)	Unethical behavior (UB)	IMC → G (only in Kuwait) IMC → SMF SMF→ UB
Pradhan (2022)	Facebook	309 respondents from India	Fear of missing out (FoMO) Use intensity (FBI) Compulsive use (CU) Social overload (SO)	Depression (DEP) Discontinuous use intention (DUI)	FOMO → CU
					CU → SMF
					SMF → DEP
					SMF → DUI
					CU → SO

Author/s	Platform	Sample	Antecedents	Outcomes	Findings
Bright et al. (2015)	Facebook	747 users in the US with ages ranging from 18 to 49	SM confidence (SMC), SMself-efficacy (SMSE), SMhelpfulness (SMH), privacyconcerns (PC)	–	SMC → SMF
Bright et al. (2015)	Facebook	747 users in the US with ages ranging from 18 to 49		–	PC → SMF
Zhang et al. (2016)	Qzone	525 users in China with ages ranging from under 18 to over 35	Information overload (IO), Social overload (SO), System featuresoverload (SFO), Dissatisfaction (D)	Discontinuoususage intention (DUI)	IO → SMF
					SO → SMF
					SFO → SMF
					SMF → DUI
					D → DUI
Dhir et al. (2018)	Facebook	Two datasets: 1,554 and 1,144students inIndia aged12–18 years	Compulsive SNS use (CU), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)	Depression (D)Anxiety (A)	CU → SMF
					SMF → D
					SMF → A
Shokouhyar et al. (2018)	Instagram	163 Instagram users in several universities situated in Tehran (Iran)	Information overload (IO), System feature overload (SFO), Social overload (SO)	Short breaks (SB), Controlled activities (CA), Switch to other platforms (SoP)	IO → SMF
					SFO → SMF
					SMF → SB
					SMF → CA
					SMF → SoP
Cao et al. (2018)	social media in general	305 college students from Pakistan	SM Attachment (SMA), Cyberbullying Victimization (CV), Depression (DEP), Anxiety (ANXY), Moral disengagement (MD)	–	SMA → CV
					SMA → DEP
					SMA → ANXY
					CV → DEP
					CV → ANXY
					CV → SMF
					DEP → SMF
					ANXY → SMF
					SMAxMD* → CV
					*MD is a moderator
Sanz-Blas et al. (2019)	Instagram	342 active Instagram users from Spain aged over 18	Overuse (O), Intrastress (I), Addiction (A)	–	O → A
					O → SMF
					A → SMF
					A → I
Dhir et al. (2019)	Facebook and WhatsApp	1,552 social media users* aged 13 to 18SNS=Social Networking SiteMIM = Mobile Instant Messaging	Privacy concerns (PC), Self-Disclosure (SD), Parental Encouragement (PE), Parental worry (PW), Parental Monitoring (PM), Parental Permission (PP)	Academic performance decrement (APD)	SNS
					PC → SMF
					SD → SMF
					PW → SMF
					SMF → APD
					MIM
					PC → SMF
					SD → SMF
					PW → SMF
					PM → SMF
					SMF → APD
Adhikari and Panda (2019)	Facebook, Twitter, both or others	306 Indian social networking users from 18 to 51 years of age	Self-efficacy (SE), Usefulness (U), Privacy concerns (PC), Ease-of-use (EoU)	Discontinuous usage intentions (DUI)	U → SMF
					PC → SMF
					EoU → SMF
					SMF → DUI
Fan et al. (2020)	WeChat	331 respondents from China	Self-esteem (SE), Role conflict (RC), Privacy concerns (PC)	Controlactivities (CA), Short breaks (SB)Suspendusage (SU)	RC → PC
					RC → SMF
					PC → SMF
					PC → CA
					SMF → SB
					SMF → SU
					SMF → CA
Malik et al. (2020)	WhatsApp	Two datasets: 1,398 and 472 students from India	Privacy concerns (PC), Social comparison (SC), Self-Disclosure (SD), Intensity of use (IMU), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)	Academic performance decrement (APD)	SC → SMF
					SD → SMF
					IMU → SMF
					SMF → APD
Xie and Tsai (2021)	Weibo	328 respondents from China	Advertising interference (AI), Rumor dissemination (RD), Information equivocality (IE), Perceived information overload (PIO)	DiscontinuousIntentions (DI)	AI → SMF
					RD → SMF
					IE → SMF
					AI → PIO
					RD → PIO
					IE → PIO
					PIO → SMF
					PIO → DI
					SMF → DI
Whelan et al. (2020)	social media in general	280 students of an Irish university	Boredom proneness (BP), Information Overload (IO), Communication Overload (CO), SM Use Intensity (UI)	–	BP → SMF
					BP → IO
					BP → CO
					IO → SMF
					CO → SMF
					UI*→ IOxSMF
					* UI is a moderator
Zhang et al. (2020a)	WeChat	352 respondents from China aged between 20–50 years	Information Overload (IO), Compulsive use (CU), Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), Time cost (TC), Privacy concerns (PRI), Intrinsic motivation (IM), Extrinsic motivation (EM), SM fatigue intention (IN)	SM fatigue behavior (BE)	CU → IN
					IN → BE
					INxEM → BE
					INxIM → BE
					IO → IN
					PRI → IN
					TC → IN
Dai et al. (2020)	WeChat	254 students from China aged 18–35 years	Perceived information overload (PIO), Frustration (FRU), Dissatisfaction (DST)	Information avoidance intention (IAI)	PIO → SMF
					PIO → FRU
					PIO → DST
					FRU → SMF
					FRU → DST
					SMF → DST
					SMF → IAI
					FRU → IAI
					DST → IAI
Pang (2021)	WeChat	566 WeChat users in mainland China	Compulsive use (CU), Information Overload (IO)	Emotional stress (ES), Social anxiety (SA)	IO → SMF
					SMF → ES
					SMF → SA
Teng et al. (2021)	WeChat	452 respondents from China	System function overload (SFO), Information overload (IO), Social overload (SO), Privacy concern (PC)	Negative usage behavior (NUB)	SFO → IO
					IO → SMF
					SO → SMF
					PC → SMF
					SMF → NUB
Al-Shatti et al. (2022)	Instagram	Two datasets: (n = 480 from Kuwait and n = 299 from the UK)	Impression management Concern (IMC)Gender (G)	Unethical behavior (UB)	IMC → G (only in Kuwait)IMC → SMFSMF→ UB
Pradhan (2022)	Facebook	309 respondents from India	Fear of missing out (FoMO)Use intensity (FBI)Compulsive use (CU)Social overload (SO)	Depression (DEP)Discontinuous use intention (DUI)	FOMO → CU
					CU → SMF
					SMF → DEP
					SMF → DUI
					CU → SO

Source(s): Author's own work

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