Table 1 Summary of representative... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Summary of representative studies related to spatial attention allocation in XR

Author and year	Scenario	Technology	Attention aspect	Attention measurement	Result
None-shopping context
Mestre et al. (2011)	- Physical exercising by a VR biking system	- Large-screen VR	- Attention allocation on mediated environment vs self across time	- Attentional duration by annotating the head direction (recorded by videos) - Attentional focus measured by self-reports on a visual analog scale	- Attentional duration at the VR display screen reduced across course phases - Auditory stimulation had a dissociative effect on participants’ attention, but it helped to maintain the participants’ commitment to the task in the long term
Hillaire et al. (2009)	- Navigation in the virtual environment	- Desk VR	- Horizontal attention allocation	- 2D attentional position on the screen being recorded by VR system - 3D attentional direction in world space recorded by VR system	- Attention behavior in VR was similar to that in physical reality
Berton et al. (2019)	- Navigation in the virtual environment of different VR setups	- CAVE VR - Screen VR - Head-mounted display (HMD) VR	- Horizontal attention allocation	- Attentional visits and attentional duration annotated by head and eye movements (recorded by video and VR system) - Attention allocation (calculated by the ratio of time spent looking at each object during the whole interaction)	- Attention behavior in VR was similar to that in physical reality - Attention behavior in HMD VR was more in line with the physical reality situation than the other setups
Biocca et al. (2006)	- Attention guidance system	- Mobile AR	- Attention allocation on a specific AOI	- Attentional performance by the item searching test (including search time, error and variability)	- The attention funnel (an AR solution) led to better orientation performance and a lower mental workload when compared to the other conditions
Medenica et al. (2011)	- Driving guidance device: personal navigation device (PND)	- HMD AR	- Attention allocation on mediated environment vs self	- Attentional duration annotated by the eye-tracking device and videos - Driving performance recorded by the driving simulator software	- AR PND allowed drivers to spend more time looking at the road ahead than SV PNDs - AR PND allowed for the best driving performance
Dixon et al. (2014)	- AR surgical guidance device	- Screen AR - HMD AR	- Attention allocation on exogenous/endogenous cues	- Attentional visits annotated by head direction (recorded by videos) - Attentional performance of the cue-recognition task (including accuracy, task completion time)	- HMD AR distracted users due to lack of inattentional blindness
Huang et al. (2019)	- XR learning	- Mobile VR - Mobile AR	- Attention allocation on mediated environment vs self	- Attentional focus self-reported on a scale	- VR let students to pay more attention to the mediated environment than AR did
Shopping context
Pfeiffer et al. (2020)	- VR shelf displaying management	- CAVE VR	- Attention allocation on specific AOIs	- Gaze visit, gaze duration and saccade duration annotated by the eye-tracking device	- Gaze behavior in VR was similar to that in physical reality
Yang et al. (2020)	- In-store advertising	- Mobile AR - Static pictorial display - LCD screen video	- Attention allocation on a specific AOI: the ad	- Gaze duration annotated by the eye-tracking device - Attention focus self-reported on a scale	- AR advertisements increased consumers’ curiosity and attention, and thus positively influenced their attitudes toward the ads - That effect existed based on novelty
Wychgel (2020)	- In-store advertising	- Hyper-box AR - Static pictorial display - LCD screen video	- Attention allocation on a specific AOI: the ad	- Gaze visit, gaze duration and saccade duration annotated by the eye-tracking device - Attention focus self-reported on a scale	- There was no difference of attention among the three technologies

Author and year	Scenario	Technology	Attention aspect	Attention measurement	Result
None-shopping context
Mestre et al. (2011)	- Physical exercising by a VR biking system	- Large-screen VR	- Attention allocation on mediated environment vs self across time	- Attentional duration by annotating the head direction (recorded by videos) - Attentional focus measured by self-reports on a visual analog scale	- Attentional duration at the VR display screen reduced across course phases - Auditory stimulation had a dissociative effect on participants’ attention, but it helped to maintain the participants’ commitment to the task in the long term
Hillaire et al. (2009)	- Navigation in the virtual environment	- Desk VR	- Horizontal attention allocation	- 2D attentional position on the screen being recorded by VR system - 3D attentional direction in world space recorded by VR system	- Attention behavior in VR was similar to that in physical reality
Berton et al. (2019)	- Navigation in the virtual environment of different VR setups	- CAVE VR - Screen VR - Head-mounted display (HMD) VR	- Horizontal attention allocation	- Attentional visits and attentional duration annotated by head and eye movements (recorded by video and VR system) - Attention allocation (calculated by the ratio of time spent looking at each object during the whole interaction)	- Attention behavior in VR was similar to that in physical reality - Attention behavior in HMD VR was more in line with the physical reality situation than the other setups
Biocca et al. (2006)	- Attention guidance system	- Mobile AR	- Attention allocation on a specific AOI	- Attentional performance by the item searching test (including search time, error and variability)	- The attention funnel (an AR solution) led to better orientation performance and a lower mental workload when compared to the other conditions
Medenica et al. (2011)	- Driving guidance device: personal navigation device (PND)	- HMD AR	- Attention allocation on mediated environment vs self	- Attentional duration annotated by the eye-tracking device and videos - Driving performance recorded by the driving simulator software	- AR PND allowed drivers to spend more time looking at the road ahead than SV PNDs - AR PND allowed for the best driving performance
Dixon et al. (2014)	- AR surgical guidance device	- Screen AR - HMD AR	- Attention allocation on exogenous/endogenous cues	- Attentional visits annotated by head direction (recorded by videos) - Attentional performance of the cue-recognition task (including accuracy, task completion time)	- HMD AR distracted users due to lack of inattentional blindness
Huang et al. (2019)	- XR learning	- Mobile VR - Mobile AR	- Attention allocation on mediated environment vs self	- Attentional focus self-reported on a scale	- VR let students to pay more attention to the mediated environment than AR did
Shopping context
Pfeiffer et al. (2020)	- VR shelf displaying management	- CAVE VR	- Attention allocation on specific AOIs	- Gaze visit, gaze duration and saccade duration annotated by the eye-tracking device	- Gaze behavior in VR was similar to that in physical reality
Yang et al. (2020)	- In-store advertising	- Mobile AR - Static pictorial display - LCD screen video	- Attention allocation on a specific AOI: the ad	- Gaze duration annotated by the eye-tracking device - Attention focus self-reported on a scale	- AR advertisements increased consumers’ curiosity and attention, and thus positively influenced their attitudes toward the ads - That effect existed based on novelty
Wychgel (2020)	- In-store advertising	- Hyper-box AR - Static pictorial display - LCD screen video	- Attention allocation on a specific AOI: the ad	- Gaze visit, gaze duration and saccade duration annotated by the eye-tracking device - Attention focus self-reported on a scale	- There was no difference of attention among the three technologies

Source(s): Author's own creation/work