| Rietz and Sen (2006) | Electricity | Loss of load probability, expected unserved energy | Assigned costs are unreliable |
| Choi et al. (2006) | Electricity | Expected unserved energy | Industry costs can be approximated |
| Reichl et al. (2013) | Electricity | Expected unserved energy | Approximation lacks data |
| Ofgem (2009) | Gas | Pressure, flow, reliability and safety | Minimal standards, but no real level of service |
| Yang and Bell (1998) | Road | Traffic flow (vehicles per hour, passenger per hour …) | Exact parameter depending on the investigated problem |
| Bhargrab et al. (1999) | Road | Function of nominal capacity, speed, road condition | Takes into account road condition directly |
| Kita (2000) | Road | Instantaneous driver utility | Drivers’ utility functions are hard to obtain |
| Yang et al. (2000) | Road | Function of maximum capacity | The maximum level of service is below the maximum capacity |
| Adey et al. (2012) | Road | Financial benefit due to reduction in user costs | The baseline for comparison is difficult to define |
| Astra (2003), NZ Transport Agency (2016) | Road | Reduction in … (multiple parameters) | The baseline for comparison is difficult to define |
| Gerard and Chocat (1999) | Sewer | Sediment build-up | Physical model |
| Ashley and Hopkinson (2002) | Sewer | Risk of pollution events | Pollution costs are hard to define |
| Le Gauffre et al. (2007) | Sewer | Defect–dysfunction–impact chain | Environmental impacts due to sewer condition |
| Caradot et al. (2011) | Sewer | Defect–dysfunction–impact chain | Number estimates for Le Gauffre et al. (2007) |
| Germanopoulos et al. (1986) | Water | Hygiene, pressure/flow, temperature | |
| Todini (2000) | Water | Hydraulic power | Energy balance approach |
| Todini (2000) | Water | Network redundancy | Flow/pressure combinations that can fulfil the demand |