Table 3

Users impact types

Level 1Level 2Examples in literature
LabelDescriptionLabelDescription
AccidentImpact on the users due to the users being involved in an accidentProperty damageEconomic impact of repairing the vehicleKasnatscheew et al. (2016) 
InjurySocietal impact due to the injury
FatalitySocietal impact due to fatality
Travel timeImpact of travel condition in terms of time lostWorkEconomic impact of wasting work time travellingde Palma (2011) 
LeisureEconomic impact of wasting leisure time travelling
Vehicle operationImpact of travel condition on the vehicle costOperationEconomic impact of people ensuring that fuel and oil is available for useMaibach et al. (2006) 
MaintenanceEconomic impact of people repairing vehicles and ensuring that materials, for example, tyres and brake pads, are available for use
ComfortImpact of travelling on the usersPhysicalSocietal impact of obtaining, for example, bruises from an extremely bumpy rideGilchrist and Allouche (2005) 
PsychologicalSocietal impact of having, for example, anxiety due to a perceived increase in the probability of being involved in an accident or of seeing things while travelling
NoiseSocietal impact due to the users coming in contract with sound emissionsDykes (2018) 

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