Table 1. Domains and initiatives of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Domains and initiatives of smart destinations involved agents and expected effects

Domains of “Smart Destination”	Agents	Systems (Example)	Effects on visitors’ experience and satisfaction	Potential effects for citizens inclusion/destination cohesion
Domains of “Smart Destination”	Agents	Systems (Example)	Effects on visitors’ experience and satisfaction	Positive	Negative
Smart mobility	Public and PP transit providers’ Transport companies, Parking managers	Flexible routing of public transport according to user demand	Facilitated use of public transport for visitors	Diminished use of public cars by visitors, reduced queues, better internal accessibility	Increased visitor pressure on public transport system in core “tourist areas”
		Road and access pricing schemes for non-resident vehicles	De-crowding of access roads, easiest circulation	Controlled traffic, revenue to be reinvested in infrastructure and service improvement	Non-tourist commuters affected, especially workers to central tourist facilities
		Public bike rental systems	Availability of cheap bikes to visitors, better mobility experience	Increased use of non-contaminating transport	Heavy tourist occupation of bike lanes and infrastructure used by workers
		Parking space locator services	Easier and faster parking	More ordered traffic, revenue from parking use	Increased substitution of private resident parking with visitor parking
Tourist information and management systems	DMOs, attraction managers, planning authorities	User-activated personalised recommendations	Increased accessibility of visitor attractions, more time-efficient and tailored visits	More dispersed visitor pressure, promotion of a wider set of attractions	Increased visitor pressure in residential neighbourhoods, everyday spaces
		Immersive experiences at heritage sites	Increased comprehensibility of heritage, events, etc.	Better capacity of promotion of intangibles, more time/money spent at sites	Capacity of representation out of the hands of citizens
		Crowd control and re-direction systems	Diminished risks from overcrowding, increased safety against robbery or terrorist attacks	Reduced risks, abatement of incidents and related costs, more efficient surveillance	Privacy infringements to vulnerable collectives
Sharing platforms	Corporate p2p platforms, private providers	“Collaborative” transport (Über, etc.)	Increased accessibility and security of private transport, cheaper taxis	Increased capacity of the taxi system	More and unregulated cabs on the streets, aggravation of precarious labour
		Hospitality platforms (Airbnb, etc.)	Increased stock of accommodation, better adaptation to demand, better services to families	Flexible expansion of accommodation stock, promotion of “community identity”, revenue to citizens at risk of exclusion	Airbnb’s effects on labour and real estate market
		Free tours and visitor experiences	Opportunities for personalised visits	Promotion and valorisation of personal knowledge	Casualisation of labour, de-professionalisation of guides

Domains of “Smart Destination”	Agents	Systems (Example)	Effects on visitors’ experience and satisfaction	Potential effects for citizens inclusion/destination cohesion
Domains of “Smart Destination”	Agents	Systems (Example)	Effects on visitors’ experience and satisfaction	Positive	Negative
Smart mobility	Public and PP transit providers’ Transport companies, Parking managers	Flexible routing of public transport according to user demand	Facilitated use of public transport for visitors	Diminished use of public cars by visitors, reduced queues, better internal accessibility	Increased visitor pressure on public transport system in core “tourist areas”
		Road and access pricing schemes for non-resident vehicles	De-crowding of access roads, easiest circulation	Controlled traffic, revenue to be reinvested in infrastructure and service improvement	Non-tourist commuters affected, especially workers to central tourist facilities
		Public bike rental systems	Availability of cheap bikes to visitors, better mobility experience	Increased use of non-contaminating transport	Heavy tourist occupation of bike lanes and infrastructure used by workers
		Parking space locator services	Easier and faster parking	More ordered traffic, revenue from parking use	Increased substitution of private resident parking with visitor parking
Tourist information and management systems	DMOs, attraction managers, planning authorities	User-activated personalised recommendations	Increased accessibility of visitor attractions, more time-efficient and tailored visits	More dispersed visitor pressure, promotion of a wider set of attractions	Increased visitor pressure in residential neighbourhoods, everyday spaces
		Immersive experiences at heritage sites	Increased comprehensibility of heritage, events, etc.	Better capacity of promotion of intangibles, more time/money spent at sites	Capacity of representation out of the hands of citizens
		Crowd control and re-direction systems	Diminished risks from overcrowding, increased safety against robbery or terrorist attacks	Reduced risks, abatement of incidents and related costs, more efficient surveillance	Privacy infringements to vulnerable collectives
Sharing platforms	Corporate p2p platforms, private providers	“Collaborative” transport (Über, etc.)	Increased accessibility and security of private transport, cheaper taxis	Increased capacity of the taxi system	More and unregulated cabs on the streets, aggravation of precarious labour
		Hospitality platforms (Airbnb, etc.)	Increased stock of accommodation, better adaptation to demand, better services to families	Flexible expansion of accommodation stock, promotion of “community identity”, revenue to citizens at risk of exclusion	Airbnb’s effects on labour and real estate market
		Free tours and visitor experiences	Opportunities for personalised visits	Promotion and valorisation of personal knowledge	Casualisation of labour, de-professionalisation of guides

Note:

PP: Public-private

Source: Own elaboration