Table 1 Constructs and items adapted to...

Table 1

Constructs and items adapted to measure technology readiness and acceptance of m-learning

Constructs	Items	Indicators	Source
Optimism	OPT1	New technologies contribute to a better quality of life	Parasuraman and Colby (2015), Parasuraman (2000)
	OPT2	Technology gives me more freedom of mobility
	OPT3	Technology makes me more efficient in my occupation
	OPT4	I like the idea of using new technology in education
Innovativeness	INN1	In general, I am among the first in my circle of friends to acquire new technology when it appears	Parasuraman and Colby (2015), Parasuraman (2000)
	INN2	I can usually figure out new high-tech products and services without help from others
	INN3	I keep up with the latest technological developments in my areas of interest
	INN4	I prefer to use the most advanced technology available
Insecurity	INS1	Excessive use of technology distracts people to a point that is harmful	Parasuraman and Colby (2015) Parasuraman (2000)
	INS2	I worry that information that I make available over the Internet may be misused by others
	INS3	I do not feel confident doing any business transaction with a place that can only be reached online
	INS4	I do not consider it safe to provide personal information over the Internet
	INS5	Any business transaction I do electronically should be confirmed later with a separate communication
Discomfort	DIS1	Sometimes, I think that technology systems are not designed for use by ordinary people	Parasuraman and Colby (2015) Parasuraman (2000)
	DIS2	Many new technologies have health or safety risks that are not discovered until after people have used them
	DIS3	There should be caution in replacing important people tasks with technology because new technology can break down or get disconnected
	DIS4	Technology always seems to fail at the worst possible time
Perceived Usefulness	PU1	M-learning system helps me to learn more efficiently	Davis (1989)
	PU2	M-learning system improves my academic performance
	PU3	M-learning system makes my learning more effective
	PU4	M-learning system makes it easier to learn
	PU5	Overall, m-learning system is beneficial for my learning
Perceived ease of use	PEOU1	Learning to use m-learning system is easy for me	Davis (1989)
	PEOU2	It is easy to get materials from m-learning system
	PEOU3	The process of using m-learning system is clear and understandable
	PEOU4	It is easy for me to become skilful at using m-learning system
	PEOU5	Overall, I find m-learning system is easy to use
Attitude	ATT1	Learning on m-learning system platform is fun	Davis (1989)
	ATT2	Using m-learning system is a good idea
	ATT3	M-learning system is smart way of learning
	ATT4	Overall, I like using m-learning system
Behavioural intention	BI1	I will use m-learning system on a regular basis in the future	Davis (1989)
	BI2	I will frequently use m-learning system in the future
	BI3	I intend to use m-learning system to assist my learning
	BI4	Assuming I had access to the m-learning system, I would use it

Constructs	Items	Indicators	Source
Optimism	OPT1	New technologies contribute to a better quality of life	Parasuraman and Colby (2015), Parasuraman (2000)
	OPT2	Technology gives me more freedom of mobility
	OPT3	Technology makes me more efficient in my occupation
	OPT4	I like the idea of using new technology in education
Innovativeness	INN1	In general, I am among the first in my circle of friends to acquire new technology when it appears	Parasuraman and Colby (2015), Parasuraman (2000)
	INN2	I can usually figure out new high-tech products and services without help from others
	INN3	I keep up with the latest technological developments in my areas of interest
	INN4	I prefer to use the most advanced technology available
Insecurity	INS1	Excessive use of technology distracts people to a point that is harmful	Parasuraman and Colby (2015) Parasuraman (2000)
	INS2	I worry that information that I make available over the Internet may be misused by others
	INS3	I do not feel confident doing any business transaction with a place that can only be reached online
	INS4	I do not consider it safe to provide personal information over the Internet
	INS5	Any business transaction I do electronically should be confirmed later with a separate communication
Discomfort	DIS1	Sometimes, I think that technology systems are not designed for use by ordinary people	Parasuraman and Colby (2015) Parasuraman (2000)
	DIS2	Many new technologies have health or safety risks that are not discovered until after people have used them
	DIS3	There should be caution in replacing important people tasks with technology because new technology can break down or get disconnected
	DIS4	Technology always seems to fail at the worst possible time
Perceived Usefulness	PU1	M-learning system helps me to learn more efficiently	Davis (1989)
	PU2	M-learning system improves my academic performance
	PU3	M-learning system makes my learning more effective
	PU4	M-learning system makes it easier to learn
	PU5	Overall, m-learning system is beneficial for my learning
Perceived ease of use	PEOU1	Learning to use m-learning system is easy for me	Davis (1989)
	PEOU2	It is easy to get materials from m-learning system
	PEOU3	The process of using m-learning system is clear and understandable
	PEOU4	It is easy for me to become skilful at using m-learning system
	PEOU5	Overall, I find m-learning system is easy to use
Attitude	ATT1	Learning on m-learning system platform is fun	Davis (1989)
	ATT2	Using m-learning system is a good idea
	ATT3	M-learning system is smart way of learning
	ATT4	Overall, I like using m-learning system
Behavioural intention	BI1	I will use m-learning system on a regular basis in the future	Davis (1989)
	BI2	I will frequently use m-learning system in the future
	BI3	I intend to use m-learning system to assist my learning
	BI4	Assuming I had access to the m-learning system, I would use it

Source(s): Table by author

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