Implications for humanitarian services using foundational premises of S-D logic
| No. | Premise | Explanation/justification | Humanitarian service implications |
|---|---|---|---|
| FP1 | Service is the fundamental basis of exchange | The application of operant resources (knowledge and skills), “service,” is the basis for all exchange. Service is exchanged for service | Service is important. Beyond the focus on the donation of products – donated knowledgeable and skilled services should also be exchanged |
| FP2 | Indirect exchange masks the fundamental basis of exchange | Goods, money, and institutions mask the service-for-service nature of exchange | Charitable giving masks the service-for-service nature of the exchange. All donations in the humanitarian context are important. However, a focus on the indirect exchange of donated services, especially from donated skills and knowledge is critical. Thus, the transformation of end-beneficiaries by providing operand resources masks the provision of operant resources that provide additional service-for-service exchanges |
| FP3 | Goods are distribution mechanisms for service provision | Goods (both durable and non-durable) derive their value through use – the service they provide | Value of goods is evident in the supply chain. However, services that allow beneficiaries to access the goods and in turn be able to provide services of their own are also important |
| FP4 | Operant resources are the fundamental source of competitive advantage | The comparative ability to cause desired change drives competition | Humanitarian services, volunteers, people’s skills and knowledge, competent information systems, and other value propositions provide a competitive advantage. The focus on the provision of operant resources (skills and knowledge), especially from the transformation of the end-beneficiary provides an advantage |
| FP5 | All economies are service economies | Service (singular) is only now becoming more apparent with increased specialization and outsourcing | All humanitarian organizations and enterprises are service organizations and need a focus on connecting humanitarian service factors to provide services and meet needs |
| FP6 | The customer is always a co-creator of value | Implies value creation is interactional | End-beneficiaries receiving services from humanitarian organizations can also provide services. Humanitarian community-based supply chains that involve all end-beneficiaries in the process are imperative to encourage value creation. Also, the ability to transform the end-beneficiary to becoming a supplier of value presents the service-centric view of humanitarian aid that suggests that the end-beneficiary is always a co-creator of value |
| FP7 | The enterprise cannot deliver value, but only offer value propositions | The firm can offer its applied resources and collaboratively (interactively) create value following acceptance, but cannot create/deliver value alone | CBEs can only offer value propositions. No independent supply chain organization has the power to create or deliver value. Involving the provision of resources from all participants in the supply chain, including end-beneficiaries, offers value. Service organizations cannot act alone. Collaboration with all stakeholders, including end-beneficiaries increase the donations of skills and knowledge |
| FP8 | A service-centered view is inherently customer oriented and relational | Service is customer-determined and co-created; thus, it is inherently customer oriented and relational | Relationships with end-beneficiaries are critical for the supply chain. All parties involved in the service ecosystem include both suppliers and customers |
| FP9 | All economic and social actors are resource integrators | Implies the context of value creation is networks of networks (resource-integrators) | The focus of the transformative service ecosystem that includes all social and economic suppliers, comprising of transformed end-beneficiaries is resource integration. Resource integration refers to service encounters that allow all agents in the ecosystem to become involved in value co-creation |
| FP10 | Value is always uniquely and phenomenological determined by the beneficiary | Value is idiosyncratic, experiential, contextual, and meaning laden | Value can be created and co-created by including and connecting all beneficiaries in the service ecosystem |
| No. | Premise | Explanation/justification | Humanitarian service implications |
|---|---|---|---|
| FP1 | Service is the fundamental basis of exchange | The application of operant resources (knowledge and skills), “service,” is the basis for all exchange. Service is exchanged for service | Service is important. Beyond the focus on the donation of products – donated knowledgeable and skilled services should also be exchanged |
| FP2 | Indirect exchange masks the fundamental basis of exchange | Goods, money, and institutions mask the service-for-service nature of exchange | Charitable giving masks the service-for-service nature of the exchange. All donations in the humanitarian context are important. However, a focus on the indirect exchange of donated services, especially from donated skills and knowledge is critical. Thus, the transformation of end-beneficiaries by providing operand resources masks the provision of operant resources that provide additional service-for-service exchanges |
| FP3 | Goods are distribution mechanisms for service provision | Goods (both durable and non-durable) derive their value through use – the service they provide | Value of goods is evident in the supply chain. However, services that allow beneficiaries to access the goods and in turn be able to provide services of their own are also important |
| FP4 | Operant resources are the fundamental source of competitive advantage | The comparative ability to cause desired change drives competition | Humanitarian services, volunteers, people’s skills and knowledge, competent information systems, and other value propositions provide a competitive advantage. The focus on the provision of operant resources (skills and knowledge), especially from the transformation of the end-beneficiary provides an advantage |
| FP5 | All economies are service economies | Service (singular) is only now becoming more apparent with increased specialization and outsourcing | All humanitarian organizations and enterprises are service organizations and need a focus on connecting humanitarian service factors to provide services and meet needs |
| FP6 | The customer is always a co-creator of value | Implies value creation is interactional | End-beneficiaries receiving services from humanitarian organizations can also provide services. Humanitarian community-based supply chains that involve all end-beneficiaries in the process are imperative to encourage value creation. Also, the ability to transform the end-beneficiary to becoming a supplier of value presents the service-centric view of humanitarian aid that suggests that the end-beneficiary is always a co-creator of value |
| FP7 | The enterprise cannot deliver value, but only offer value propositions | The firm can offer its applied resources and collaboratively (interactively) create value following acceptance, but cannot create/deliver value alone | CBEs can only offer value propositions. No independent supply chain organization has the power to create or deliver value. Involving the provision of resources from all participants in the supply chain, including end-beneficiaries, offers value. Service organizations cannot act alone. Collaboration with all stakeholders, including end-beneficiaries increase the donations of skills and knowledge |
| FP8 | A service-centered view is inherently customer oriented and relational | Service is customer-determined and co-created; thus, it is inherently customer oriented and relational | Relationships with end-beneficiaries are critical for the supply chain. All parties involved in the service ecosystem include both suppliers and customers |
| FP9 | All economic and social actors are resource integrators | Implies the context of value creation is networks of networks (resource-integrators) | The focus of the transformative service ecosystem that includes all social and economic suppliers, comprising of transformed end-beneficiaries is resource integration. Resource integration refers to service encounters that allow all agents in the ecosystem to become involved in value co-creation |
| FP10 | Value is always uniquely and phenomenological determined by the beneficiary | Value is idiosyncratic, experiential, contextual, and meaning laden | Value can be created and co-created by including and connecting all beneficiaries in the service ecosystem |
Source: Adapted from Vargo and Lusch (2008)
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