Table 3

Passenger costs and cost indicators

Cost category level 1Cost category level 2
CostDescriptionCostDescriptionIt can be estimated …
AccidentImpact to passengers involved in accidentsPersonal property damageEconomic impact of repairing the properties of the passengers that are damaged during the use of the railway service (€/pkm)Either directly from the cost of replacing the damaged property or as part of the fatality or injury costsa
InjurySocietal impact due to injury during the use of the railway service (€/pkm)Directly from the human cost due to injury through the estimation of VSLa
FatalitySocietal impact due to death during the use of the railway service (€/pkm)Directly from the human cost due to fatality through the estimation of VSLa
DelayImpact of delay (time loss) on the passengerBusiness travelEconomic impact of delay during business travel (€/pkm)Through the average salaryb
Commuting travelEconomic impact of delay during commuting travel (€/pkm)Through the average salaryb
Leisure travelEconomic impact of delay during leisure travel (€/pkm)Through the average salaryb
ComfortImpact of discomfortPhysicalSocietal impact of being physically affected by an uncomfortable ride (€/pkm)Through the willingness of the passenger to pay for the reduction of the physical effects of the ride, such as noise or vibrationc
PsychologicalSocietal impact of being psychologically affected by experiencing an unpleasant event during the trip – that is, shock or traumatic stress (€/pkm)Through the willingness of the passenger to pay for the reduction of the psychological effects of the ridec
a

For Europe, example values are given in the publication by Kasnatscheew et al. (2016) 

b

For Europe, example values are given by the Eurostat (2018) 

c

For Europe, example values are given in the report by Korzhenevych et al. (2014) 

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