Table 1 Energy resources and associated... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Energy resources and associated geotechnics involvement (modified from Santamarina and Cho, 2011)

Non-renewable (fossil fuels)			Renewable				Nuclear
Coal	Gas	Petroleum	Solar	Geothermal	Wind	Biofuels	Nuclear
Characterisation, subsurface response, mine excavation and instability, and gas recovery	Hydrates, low-temperature liquefied natural gas storage, hydraulic fracturing, and optimal extraction	Fines and clogging, sand production, borehole instability, enhanced oil recovery, heavy oil and tar sand	–	Drilling, fracture formation, heat transfer, piles and optimisation	Off-/on-shore foundations and pseudodynamic loading	Land and water use, energy efficiency, and food impact	Engineered soils, decommission, leak detect and repair, and long-term behaviour and monitoring

Non-renewable (fossil fuels)			Renewable				Nuclear
Coal	Gas	Petroleum	Solar	Geothermal	Wind	Biofuels	Nuclear
Characterisation, subsurface response, mine excavation and instability, and gas recovery	Hydrates, low-temperature liquefied natural gas storage, hydraulic fracturing, and optimal extraction	Fines and clogging, sand production, borehole instability, enhanced oil recovery, heavy oil and tar sand	–	Drilling, fracture formation, heat transfer, piles and optimisation	Off-/on-shore foundations and pseudodynamic loading	Land and water use, energy efficiency, and food impact	Engineered soils, decommission, leak detect and repair, and long-term behaviour and monitoring