Table II. PP test Variables Test... | Emerald Publishing

Table II.

PP test

Variables	Test statistic	Critical value	Implication
Level form
LINST	−1.3765	−3.6494	Non-stationary
LINF	−1.5047	−3.6494	Non-stationary
LFDI	−3.6531	−3.6494	Stationary
LGNP	−2.4345	−3.6494	Non-stationary
LXP	−1.2803	−3.6494	Non-stationary
Differenced form
DINST	−4.3384	−2.927	Stationary
DINF	−6.4501	−2.927	Stationary
DFDI	−10.9645	−2.927	Stationary
DGNP	−6.6588	−2.927	Stationary
DXP	−4.647	−2.927	Stationary

Variables	Test statistic	Critical value	Implication
Level form
LINST	−1.3765	−3.6494	Non-stationary
LINF	−1.5047	−3.6494	Non-stationary
LFDI	−3.6531	−3.6494	Stationary
LGNP	−2.4345	−3.6494	Non-stationary
LXP	−1.2803	−3.6494	Non-stationary
Differenced form
DINST	−4.3384	−2.927	Stationary
DINF	−6.4501	−2.927	Stationary
DFDI	−10.9645	−2.927	Stationary
DGNP	−6.6588	−2.927	Stationary
DXP	−4.647	−2.927	Stationary

Source: Own elaboration