Table I.

Variable description

VariableDefinition
MQIValue of the management quality index
LeadershipValue of the leadership indicator
InnovationValue of the innovation indicator
CollaborationValue of the collaboration indicator
TrainingValue of the employees indicator
DigitizationValue of the digitization indicator
ResultsValue of the results indicator
TFPTotal factor productivitya
Domestic1-if firm i neither exports nor carries out FDI in period t, 0-otherwise
Exporter1-if firm i exports but is not involved in FDI in period t, 0-otherwise
Multinational1-if firm i is involved in FDI in period t, 0-otherwise
Export1-if firm i exports in year t, 0-otherwise
FDI1-if firm i invests abroad in year t, 0-otherwise
Small1-if firm i in year t has less than 51 employees, 0- otherwise
Medium1-if firm i in year t has between 51 and 200 employees, 0-otherwise
Large1-if firm i in year t has more than 201 employees, 0-otherwise
Industry1-if firm i belongs to industry X, 0-otherwise
Foreign ownership1-if the foreign capital of firm i represents more than 50% of the social capital in year t, 0-otherwise

Note:

aTFP has been calculated following the method proposed by Olley and Pakes (1996), which is available in STATA trough the module prodest

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