Table 4 Challenges for improvement of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Challenges for improvement of NOU and UT

Aspects	NOU	UT*
Students and study programs	Accommodate larger number of students with different needs for different study programs and courses relevant to continuous professional development and competencies for the industry 4.0 and beyond Consider offering post-graduate courses to meet certain employment and industry needs	Serve more distributed and very large number of students with different needs, conditions and access to information and communication technology Offer degree and non-degree programs and courses for lifelong learners that are relevant to the needs of employers and competencies for the industry 4.0 and beyond Improve services to diverse groups of students with different needs and access to various modes of distance, face-to-face support, and online services
Integrating online learning	Continuously improve online learning services enriched with face-to-face and mediated academic support to enhance student learning experiences To be competitive among online learning providers	Implement stepwise transformation into online and cyber university Address conflicting interests among staff, students, and stakeholders as regards to adoption of digital technology for teaching and learning Stay ahead in competition among online learning system providers
New technology, staff training and workload	Continuously update technologies for teaching and learning and assessment, and for management Enhance staff training in new technology for various modes of online teaching learning and assessment Reconsider the number of academic staff and their workloads and explore possible substitute academic human resources needed through partnerships	Incorporate more uses of new technologies to enrich learning experience of students with different conditions, and for management Reorient and enhance staff training in new technology for various modes of online teaching learning and assessment to develop staff competencies in online teaching and learning Reconsider the number of academic staff and their workloads and strengthen academic staff competencies in online teaching and academic activities
MOOCs, OER and OEP	Strengthen capacity building for staff and the institution in MOOCs, OER and OEP Enhance the uses of MOOCs, OER to widen access to lifelong learning by wider communities	Develop and strengthen capacity building for staff and the institution in MOOCs, OER and OEP Encourage academic staff and tutors to use OER to enrich student learning Develop MOOCs to expand wider communities to access lifelong learning
Partnerships and collaboration	Consider establishing partnerships and collaboration to strengthen institutional capacity	Strengthen partnerships and establish core academic infrastructure and facilities to support student studying various programs and courses in different regions

Aspects	NOU	UT*
Students and study programs	Accommodate larger number of students with different needs for different study programs and courses relevant to continuous professional development and competencies for the industry 4.0 and beyond Consider offering post-graduate courses to meet certain employment and industry needs	Serve more distributed and very large number of students with different needs, conditions and access to information and communication technology Offer degree and non-degree programs and courses for lifelong learners that are relevant to the needs of employers and competencies for the industry 4.0 and beyond Improve services to diverse groups of students with different needs and access to various modes of distance, face-to-face support, and online services
Integrating online learning	Continuously improve online learning services enriched with face-to-face and mediated academic support to enhance student learning experiences To be competitive among online learning providers	Implement stepwise transformation into online and cyber university Address conflicting interests among staff, students, and stakeholders as regards to adoption of digital technology for teaching and learning Stay ahead in competition among online learning system providers
New technology, staff training and workload	Continuously update technologies for teaching and learning and assessment, and for management Enhance staff training in new technology for various modes of online teaching learning and assessment Reconsider the number of academic staff and their workloads and explore possible substitute academic human resources needed through partnerships	Incorporate more uses of new technologies to enrich learning experience of students with different conditions, and for management Reorient and enhance staff training in new technology for various modes of online teaching learning and assessment to develop staff competencies in online teaching and learning Reconsider the number of academic staff and their workloads and strengthen academic staff competencies in online teaching and academic activities
MOOCs, OER and OEP	Strengthen capacity building for staff and the institution in MOOCs, OER and OEP Enhance the uses of MOOCs, OER to widen access to lifelong learning by wider communities	Develop and strengthen capacity building for staff and the institution in MOOCs, OER and OEP Encourage academic staff and tutors to use OER to enrich student learning Develop MOOCs to expand wider communities to access lifelong learning
Partnerships and collaboration	Consider establishing partnerships and collaboration to strengthen institutional capacity	Strengthen partnerships and establish core academic infrastructure and facilities to support student studying various programs and courses in different regions

Note(s): *Updated and adapted from Zuhairi et al. (2019)