Table 2.

Summary of empirical findings

Central moments of governmentalityMain characterPerceived positive effectsPerceived negative effects
1. How PMSs constitute the relationship between the governing and the governedRestricted centrifugal force of the marketa) A restricted centrifugal force produces feelings of freedom through creating a “zone of protection”, especially for those who can provide good numbersb) A restricted centrifugal force produces feelings of constraints, especially for those who are unable to provide good numbers, through setting the criteria by which competition is played out
2. How PMSs constitute the relationship between individual researchers and their peersA principle of normalizationa) A principle of normalization helps constitute peers as high-performing role models who can motivate and guide othersb) A principle of normalization helps constitute peers as rivals who trigger feelings of jealousy, injustice and cynicism
3. How PMSs constitute individual researchers’ relationship to themselvesIndividuals as entrepreneurs of themselvesa) An entrepreneurial self is associated with self-investment and self-improvement, which helps to prevent laziness and stagnationb) An entrepreneurial self is associated with feelings of inner stress and self-doubt

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