Table 3. Case analysis in the light of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Case analysis in the light of the research constructs

Construct	Subject
Valuation methods used by universities	Most used approach: cost. Most used method: sunk cost. Approach often used: market. Method often used: royalty rates. Approach used sporadically: income. Method used sporadically: discounted cash flow.
Identification in the literature of the applicability of the methods to value the academic technologies	Valuation is performed according to the industrial sector to which it applies: use of the royalty rates method (Parr, 2012). Evaluation of target markets is made with support of the Business Model Canvas methodology (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010). Valuation method is not chosen according to the development stage of a technology, although the TTO glimpse this possibility. TTO has difficulties in obtaining inputs needed for patent valuation, mainly regarding the cost approach. TTO does not take into consideration the cost benefit of a patent valuation despite the rate markets and target companies.
Identification of how the valuation of patents is structured in the TTO’s activities	The activity is not formally structured. There is a preliminary assessment of the technology’s potential for commercialization. The activity is carried out after evaluation and before the patent licensing. The personnel participate in courses related to patent valuation and international collaborative networks related to the theme. Academic level of the TTOs personnel: lato sensu and stricto sensu graduation
Analysis of the importance of patent valuation in the TTO’s activities	For the TTO, valuation does not help in licensing patents. The technology is licensed based on their development costs, although the TTO has problems with accurate survey data. The technology is well evaluated, but there is no licensing decision versus development based on valuation. Patent valuation is done for licensing. There is an awarding policy for inventors. The TTO seeks partnerships.
Identification of the factors that facilitate and hinder the patent valuation at public universities in the state of São Paulo	It provides the basis for patent valuation. Considered the worst by the TTO for not clearly reflecting the potential of technology. Inputs survey. Consolidated and reliable bibliography. Support from renowned international institutions (e.g. benchmarking). TTO’s trading history available on database. Royalty Rates for Licensing Intellectual Property (Parr, 2012) is considered outdated by the TTO. No relevant aspect relating to market approach. The TTO considers difficult to establish the main application field of the technology. Difficulty in reaching a consensus on the percentage of royalties: negotiation with the productive sector is a challenge for the TTO. Difficulty in reducing costs for research and development; the TTO has improved its methods of patent valuation. The academic community understands the role of the TTO and was not reported the existence of conflicts between the purposes of academic research and the research of interest to the company.

Construct	Subject
Valuation methods used by universities	Most used approach: cost. Most used method: sunk cost.Approach often used: market. Method often used: royalty rates.Approach used sporadically: income.Method used sporadically: discounted cash flow.
Identification in the literature of the applicability of the methods to value the academic technologies	Valuation is performed according to the industrial sector to which it applies: use of the royalty rates method (Parr, 2012).Evaluation of target markets is made with support of the Business Model Canvas methodology (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010).Valuation method is not chosen according to the development stage of a technology, although the TTO glimpse this possibility.TTO has difficulties in obtaining inputs needed for patent valuation, mainly regarding the cost approach.TTO does not take into consideration the cost benefit of a patent valuation despite the rate markets and target companies.
Identification of how the valuation of patents is structured in the TTO’s activities	The activity is not formally structured.There is a preliminary assessment of the technology’s potential for commercialization.The activity is carried out after evaluation and before the patent licensing.The personnel participate in courses related to patent valuation and international collaborative networks related to the theme.Academic level of the TTOs personnel: lato sensu and stricto sensu graduation
Analysis of the importance of patent valuation in the TTO’s activities	For the TTO, valuation does not help in licensing patents.The technology is licensed based on their development costs, although the TTO has problems with accurate survey data.The technology is well evaluated, but there is no licensing decision versus development based on valuation.Patent valuation is done for licensing.There is an awarding policy for inventors. The TTO seeks partnerships.
Identification of the factors that facilitate and hinder the patent valuation at public universities in the state of São Paulo	It provides the basis for patent valuation.Considered the worst by the TTO for not clearly reflecting the potential of technology.Inputs survey.Consolidated and reliable bibliography.Support from renowned international institutions (e.g. benchmarking).TTO’s trading history available on database.Royalty Rates for Licensing Intellectual Property (Parr, 2012) is considered outdated by the TTO.No relevant aspect relating to market approach.The TTO considers difficult to establish the main application field of the technology.Difficulty in reaching a consensus on the percentage of royalties: negotiation with the productive sector is a challenge for the TTO.Difficulty in reducing costs for research and development; the TTO has improved its methods of patent valuation.The academic community understands the role of the TTO and was not reported the existence of conflicts between the purposes of academic research and the research of interest to the company.

Source: Prepared by the authors from survey data