Estimates of the MVP model
| Dependent variables | CD | MT | IS | NM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household (HH) characteristics | ||||
| Male headed HH | −0.421** (0.176) | 0.024 (0.200) | −1.469*** (0.361) | −0.294 (0.182) |
| General caste | 0.062 (0.106) | −0.441*** (0.106) | 0.576*** (0.223) | 0.121*** (0.017) |
| Age of HH head | −0.013** (0.006) | 0.006* (0.004) | 0.015* (0.008) | −0.005** (0.002) |
| Literate HH head | 0.167 (0.111) | 0.054** (0.019) | 0.703*** (0.250) | 0.212* (0.121) |
| Literate spouse | −0.402*** (0.121) | 0.393*** (0.112) | −0.198 (0.202) | 0.294** (0.117) |
| Family size | −0.003 (0.015) | −0.003 (0.016) | −0.069** (0.034) | 0.017 (0.016) |
| Migrated | 0.157* (0.094) | 0.111 (0.101) | −0.700*** (0.245) | −0.144** (0.080) |
| Farm land characteristics | ||||
| Tenure of plot | −0.132*** (0.012) | −0.087*** (0.016) | 0.121 (0.220) | 0.098 (0.113) |
| Area of plot | −0.048 (0.334) | 0.112*** (0.036) | 0.746 (0.597) | −0.278 (0.385) |
| Soil fertility | 0.369*** (0.094) | −0.470*** (0.101) | −0.698*** (0.210) | 0.047 (0.101) |
| Soil depth | 0.237** (0.116) | −0.610*** (0.167) | −0.822 (0.518) | −0.465*** (0.149) |
| Land slope | −0.234** (0.091) | 0.255*** (0.099) | −0.284 (0.211) | 0.646*** (0.099) |
| Distance to plot | −0.006 (0.041) | −0.125*** (0.051) | 0.063 (0.075) | −0.035** (0.017) |
| Economic and social capital | ||||
| Land operated | 0.264** (0.104) | 0.163*** (0.011) | 0.067*** (0.023) | 0.136** (0.062) |
| Livestock owned | 0.215*** (0.053) | 0.198*** (0.059) | 0.226* (0.138) | 0.205*** (0.057) |
| Asset index | 0.343*** (0.133) | 0.275** (0.132) | 0.336** (0.171) | 0.256** (0.119) |
| Credit access | −0.537*** (0.102) | 0.575*** (0.113) | −0.337 (0.260) | 0.680*** (0.113) |
| Association in group | 0.297** (0.143) | 0.394** (0.188) | −0.411 (0.364) | 0.537*** (0.184) |
| Access to market and agricultural extension services and training | ||||
| Distance to market | −0.035 (0.034) | −0.112*** (0.040) | −0.080 (0.083) | −0.087** (0.040) |
| Distance to extension service | −0.061*** (0.015) | −0.045*** (0.013) | −0.071*** (0.024) | 0.002 (0.014) |
| Training | 0.645* (0.359) | 0.162** (0.073) | 0.115** (0.052) | 0.058** (0.029) |
| Source of information | ||||
| Farmer-to-farmer communication | 0.244*** (0.097) | 0.561*** (0.112) | 0.914*** (0.287) | 0.932*** (0.125) |
| Government extension service | 0.838*** (0.320) | 0.084** (0.037) | −0.179 (0.327) | 0.169 (0.333) |
| ICT | 0.818** (0.401) | 0.516* (0.307) | 0.169*** (0.039) | −0.413 (0.292) |
| Private traders | −0.156 (0.108) | 0.127** (0.063) | 0.167** (0.075) | 0.264** (0.107) |
| Major climate risks | ||||
| High temperature | 0.639*** (0.113) | 0.504*** (0.108) | 0.482** (0.231) | 0.081 (0.107) |
| Decreasing rainfall | 0.183 (0.165) | 0.064 (0.154) | 0.143*** (0.056) | −0.159 (0.161) |
| Short winters | 0.051 (0.115) | 1.378*** (0.152) | −0.180 (0.228) | −0.605*** (0.135) |
| Joint significance of village dummies | ||||
| Chi2(11) | 74.41 | 84.62 | 63.11 | 222.19 |
| Prob > Chi2(11) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Constant | −1.920*** (0.395) | 1.114*** (0.391) | −1.694*** (0.734) | 0.378** (0.167) |
| Number of observations | 1926 | 1926 | 1926 | 1926 |
| Dependent variables | CD | MT | IS | NM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male headed HH | −0.421 | 0.024 (0.200) | −1.469 | −0.294 (0.182) |
| General caste | 0.062 (0.106) | −0.441 | 0.576 | 0.121 |
| Age of HH head | −0.013 | 0.006 | 0.015 | −0.005 |
| Literate HH head | 0.167 (0.111) | 0.054 | 0.703 | 0.212 |
| Literate spouse | −0.402 | 0.393 | −0.198 (0.202) | 0.294 |
| Family size | −0.003 (0.015) | −0.003 (0.016) | −0.069 | 0.017 (0.016) |
| Migrated | 0.157 | 0.111 (0.101) | −0.700 | −0.144 |
| Tenure of plot | −0.132 | −0.087 | 0.121 (0.220) | 0.098 (0.113) |
| Area of plot | −0.048 (0.334) | 0.112 | 0.746 (0.597) | −0.278 (0.385) |
| Soil fertility | 0.369 | −0.470 | −0.698 | 0.047 (0.101) |
| Soil depth | 0.237 | −0.610 | −0.822 (0.518) | −0.465 |
| Land slope | −0.234 | 0.255 | −0.284 (0.211) | 0.646 |
| Distance to plot | −0.006 (0.041) | −0.125 | 0.063 (0.075) | −0.035 |
| Land operated | 0.264 | 0.163 | 0.067 | 0.136 |
| Livestock owned | 0.215 | 0.198 | 0.226 | 0.205 |
| Asset index | 0.343 | 0.275 | 0.336 | 0.256 |
| Credit access | −0.537 | 0.575 | −0.337 (0.260) | 0.680 |
| Association in group | 0.297 | 0.394 | −0.411 (0.364) | 0.537 |
| Distance to market | −0.035 (0.034) | −0.112 | −0.080 (0.083) | −0.087 |
| Distance to extension service | −0.061 | −0.045 | −0.071 | 0.002 (0.014) |
| Training | 0.645 | 0.162 | 0.115 | 0.058 |
| Farmer-to-farmer communication | 0.244 | 0.561 | 0.914 | 0.932 |
| Government extension service | 0.838 | 0.084 | −0.179 (0.327) | 0.169 (0.333) |
| ICT | 0.818 | 0.516 | 0.169 | −0.413 (0.292) |
| Private traders | −0.156 (0.108) | 0.127 | 0.167 | 0.264 |
| High temperature | 0.639 | 0.504 | 0.482 | 0.081 (0.107) |
| Decreasing rainfall | 0.183 (0.165) | 0.064 (0.154) | 0.143 | −0.159 (0.161) |
| Short winters | 0.051 (0.115) | 1.378 | −0.180 (0.228) | −0.605 |
| Chi2(11) | 74.41 | 84.62 | 63.11 | 222.19 |
| Prob > Chi2(11) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Constant | −1.920 | 1.114 | −1.694 | 0.378 |
| Number of observations | 1926 | 1926 | 1926 | 1926 |
Notes: LR test of: rho21 = rho31 = rho41 = rho32 = rho42 = rho43 = 0: chi2(6) = 78.48 Prob > chi2 = 0.000; Wald chi2(156) = 1362.16; Prob > chi2 = 0.000; Log likelihood= −1916.92; Significance level: 10% level (*); 5% level **; 1% level ***