Table 7

Interaction effect on earnings management

M4
Explanatory variablesPredicted signCoef(z-statistic)
COVID?−0.024***(−4.06)
COVID*ROA−0.006(−0.77)
COVID*MTB+0.037***(5.06)
COVID*LEV+0.022*(1.84)
COVID*AUD−0.008***(−3.41)
COVID*BLOC−0.002(−1.03)
COVID*SIZE?0.011(0.57)
Constant?0.388**(2.17)
Observations410
Wald χ2217.41***
Log likelihood−124.378

Source(s): Authors own work

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