Table 6

Robustness tests: Four dimensions of CEO trustworthiness

Panel A: CEO trustworthiness and board monitoring structure
Dep = Bd_IndBd_FemaleBd_SizeBd_IntMBd_RG
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)
Chin_Angle0.004***(0.001)   0.002**(0.001)   0.036*(0.022)   0.164***(0.049)   0.067***(0.024)   
Eyebrow_Reverse 0.001 (0.001)   0.002***(0.001)   0.048**(0.024)   0.097**(0.048)   0.046*(0.027)  
Face_Shape  0.005***(0.001)   0.002***(0.001)   0.055***(0.019)   0.103**(0.048)   0.065***(0.023) 
Philtrum_Reverse   0.001 (0.001)   0.002**(0.001)   0.053**(0.024)   0.037 (0.045)   0.123***(0.031)
Observations16,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,20116,2015,3065,3065,3065,3069,6439,6439,6439,643
ControlsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm FEYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Year FEYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Adj./Pseudo R20.7090.7050.7090.7090.7200.7200.7130.7200.7850.7850.8110.8110.9540.2150.9540.2200.2630.2630.2630.263
Panel B: CEO trustworthiness and board monitoring activities
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Bd_MeetBd_MeetBd_MeetBd_MeetMoni_MeetMoni_MeetMoni_MeetMoni_Meet
Chin_Angle0.078**(0.039)   0.030 (0.026)   
Eyebrow_Reverse 0.179***(0.040)   0.114***(0.027)  
Face_Shape  0.082**(0.041)   0.047*(0.027) 
Philtrum_Reverse   0.081**(0.040)   0.056**(0.027)
Observations4,3784,3784,3784,3784,3784,3784,3784,378
ControlsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm FEYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Year FEYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Adj. R20.1760.1840.1760.1800.2290.2320.2290.225
Panel C: CEO trustworthiness and CEO incentive alignment
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)
CEO_IncentCEO_IncentCEO_IncentCEO_IncentCEO_OwnerCEO_OwnerCEO_OwnerCEO_Owner
Chin_Angle0.003***(0.001)   0.204***(0.062)   
Eyebrow_Reverse 0.003*(0.002)   0.181**(0.090)  
Face_Shape  0.000 (0.002)   0.178***(0.059) 
Philtrum_Reverse   0.004***(0.001)   0.146**(0.073)
Observations16,16216,16216,16216,16212,85412,85412,85412,854
ControlsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm FEYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Year FEYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Adj. R20.3000.3000.2640.3010.3820.3850.3830.385

Note(s): This table report results examining whether our results remain robust when using each of four individual facial features to measure CEO trustworthiness. Based on the prediction of our H1, all four individual facial trait measures (i.e. Chin_Angle, Eyebrow_Reverse, Face_Shape and Philtrum_Reverse) are expected to be negatively associated with board monitoring intensity. Panels A, B, and C report results examining whether the four individual facial trustworthiness trait measures are associated with board monitoring structure, board monitoring activities, and CEO incentive alignment, respectively. See  Appendix for variable definitions. All regressions include firm and year fixed effects. Robust standard errors are clustered at the firm and year level. The standard errors are reported in parentheses. ***, ** and * indicates p-values of 1, 5 and 10%, respectively

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