Robustness tests: Four dimensions of CEO trustworthiness
| Panel A: CEO trustworthiness and board monitoring structure | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dep = | Bd_Ind | Bd_Female | Bd_Size | Bd_IntM | Bd_RG | |||||||||||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | |
| Chin_Angle | −0.004*** (0.001) | −0.002** (0.001) | 0.036* (0.022) | −0.164*** (0.049) | −0.067*** (0.024) | |||||||||||||||
| Eyebrow_Reverse | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002*** (0.001) | 0.048** (0.024) | −0.097** (0.048) | −0.046* (0.027) | |||||||||||||||
| Face_Shape | −0.005*** (0.001) | −0.002*** (0.001) | 0.055*** (0.019) | −0.103** (0.048) | −0.065*** (0.023) | |||||||||||||||
| Philtrum_Reverse | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.002** (0.001) | 0.053** (0.024) | 0.037 (0.045) | −0.123*** (0.031) | |||||||||||||||
| Observations | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 5,306 | 5,306 | 5,306 | 5,306 | 9,643 | 9,643 | 9,643 | 9,643 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adj./Pseudo R2 | 0.709 | 0.705 | 0.709 | 0.709 | 0.720 | 0.720 | 0.713 | 0.720 | 0.785 | 0.785 | 0.811 | 0.811 | 0.954 | 0.215 | 0.954 | 0.220 | 0.263 | 0.263 | 0.263 | 0.263 |
| Panel A: CEO trustworthiness and board monitoring structure | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dep = | Bd_Ind | Bd_Female | Bd_Size | Bd_IntM | Bd_RG | |||||||||||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) | (16) | (17) | (18) | (19) | (20) | |
| Chin_Angle | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Eyebrow_Reverse | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Face_Shape | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Philtrum_Reverse | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Observations | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 16,201 | 5,306 | 5,306 | 5,306 | 5,306 | 9,643 | 9,643 | 9,643 | 9,643 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adj./Pseudo | 0.709 | 0.705 | 0.709 | 0.709 | 0.720 | 0.720 | 0.713 | 0.720 | 0.785 | 0.785 | 0.811 | 0.811 | 0.954 | 0.215 | 0.954 | 0.220 | 0.263 | 0.263 | 0.263 | 0.263 |
| Panel B: CEO trustworthiness and board monitoring activities | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Bd_Meet | Bd_Meet | Bd_Meet | Bd_Meet | Moni_Meet | Moni_Meet | Moni_Meet | Moni_Meet | |
| Chin_Angle | −0.078** (0.039) | −0.030 (0.026) | ||||||
| Eyebrow_Reverse | −0.179*** (0.040) | −0.114*** (0.027) | ||||||
| Face_Shape | −0.082** (0.041) | −0.047* (0.027) | ||||||
| Philtrum_Reverse | 0.081** (0.040) | 0.056** (0.027) | ||||||
| Observations | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adj. R2 | 0.176 | 0.184 | 0.176 | 0.180 | 0.229 | 0.232 | 0.229 | 0.225 |
| Panel B: CEO trustworthiness and board monitoring activities | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Bd_Meet | Bd_Meet | Bd_Meet | Bd_Meet | Moni_Meet | Moni_Meet | Moni_Meet | Moni_Meet | |
| Chin_Angle | ||||||||
| Eyebrow_Reverse | ||||||||
| Face_Shape | ||||||||
| Philtrum_Reverse | ||||||||
| Observations | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 | 4,378 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adj. | 0.176 | 0.184 | 0.176 | 0.180 | 0.229 | 0.232 | 0.229 | 0.225 |
| Panel C: CEO trustworthiness and CEO incentive alignment | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| CEO_Incent | CEO_Incent | CEO_Incent | CEO_Incent | CEO_Owner | CEO_Owner | CEO_Owner | CEO_Owner | |
| Chin_Angle | −0.003*** (0.001) | −0.204*** (0.062) | ||||||
| Eyebrow_Reverse | −0.003* (0.002) | −0.181** (0.090) | ||||||
| Face_Shape | −0.000 (0.002) | −0.178*** (0.059) | ||||||
| Philtrum_Reverse | −0.004*** (0.001) | −0.146** (0.073) | ||||||
| Observations | 16,162 | 16,162 | 16,162 | 16,162 | 12,854 | 12,854 | 12,854 | 12,854 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adj. R2 | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.264 | 0.301 | 0.382 | 0.385 | 0.383 | 0.385 |
| Panel C: CEO trustworthiness and CEO incentive alignment | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| CEO_Incent | CEO_Incent | CEO_Incent | CEO_Incent | CEO_Owner | CEO_Owner | CEO_Owner | CEO_Owner | |
| Chin_Angle | ||||||||
| Eyebrow_Reverse | ||||||||
| Face_Shape | ||||||||
| Philtrum_Reverse | ||||||||
| Observations | 16,162 | 16,162 | 16,162 | 16,162 | 12,854 | 12,854 | 12,854 | 12,854 |
| Controls | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Firm FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Year FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Adj. | 0.300 | 0.300 | 0.264 | 0.301 | 0.382 | 0.385 | 0.383 | 0.385 |
Note(s): This table report results examining whether our results remain robust when using each of four individual facial features to measure CEO trustworthiness. Based on the prediction of our H1, all four individual facial trait measures (i.e. Chin_Angle, Eyebrow_Reverse, Face_Shape and Philtrum_Reverse) are expected to be negatively associated with board monitoring intensity. Panels A, B, and C report results examining whether the four individual facial trustworthiness trait measures are associated with board monitoring structure, board monitoring activities, and CEO incentive alignment, respectively. See Appendix for variable definitions. All regressions include firm and year fixed effects. Robust standard errors are clustered at the firm and year level. The standard errors are reported in parentheses. ***, ** and * indicates p-values of 1, 5 and 10%, respectively
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