Table 3

Hedge fund activism and changes in reported internal control weaknesses

(1)(2)
ICWt+1ICWt+1
Hedge fund intervention0.472*** (2.821)0.530*** (3.108)
Size−0.157*** (−4.227)−0.208*** (−4.978)
Prior loss0.139* (1.764)0.155* (1.863)
ROA−0.234*** (−3.220)−0.246*** (−3.368)
Leverage0.188*** (7.954)0.235*** (9.203)
Sales growth0.116* (1.891)0.111* (1.647)
PPE0.818 (0.567)1.613 (0.924)
Return−0.084* (−1.822)−0.104* (−1.848)
Big4−0.671*** (−9.102)−0.679*** (−8.835)
Auditor change0.758*** (7.758)0.726*** (7.233)
Firm age−0.007*** (−2.598)−0.009*** (−3.292)
KZ index0.003** (2.287)0.003** (2.142)
Constant−2.435* (−1.802)−3.096* (−1.810)
Adjusted R20.0640.095
Industry-fixed effectsNoYes
Year-fixed effectsNoYes
Observations20,06020,060

Note(s): This table reports the effect of hedge fund activism on the reported internal control weaknesses in the year subsequent to the activism event. The dependent variable is the reported firm internal control weaknesses in the next year. The regressions are clustered by White standard errors. Column (2) includes industry-fixed effects (using Fama and French 48 industry classifications) and year-fixed effects. Variable definitions can be found in  Appendix 1. The superscripts ***, ** and * indicate the statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10% levels, respectively

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