Detailed full sample results estimated using a probit model
| Variable(s) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 (endogenous probit) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 0.009 (0.035) | 0.0006 (0.028) | 0.016 (0.037) | 0.028 (0.022) | 0.010 (0.035) | 0.017* (0.009) |
| Firm size | 0.015* (0.007) | −0.009 (0.006) | 0.004 (0.008) | −0.004 (0.007) | −0.014 (0.013) | 0.016 (0.012) |
| Experience the of owner | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.014*** (0.003) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.006*** (0.002) | 0.007 (0.004) | 0.008*** (0.003) |
| Firm age | 0.0002 (0.004) | −0.009** (0.003) | 0.002 (0.005) | −0.005** (0.002) | −0.002 (0.005) | −0.006** (0.0.002) |
| Education | 0.055** (0.018) | 0.048*** (0.014) | 0.055*** (0.019) | 0.069*** (0.011) | 0.051*** (0.019) | 0.062*** (0.020) |
| Gender of the owner | 0.028 (0.036) | 0.052* (0.029) | −0.002 (0.038) | 0.081*** (0.022) | 0.037 (0.038) | 0.048 (0.036) |
| Registration time | −0.001*** (0.0003) | −0.0003 (0.0002) | −0.0005** (0.0002) | −0.0007** (0.0003) | ||
| Time fees and paperwork | −0.002*** (0.0004) | −0.004 (0.020) | −0.024 (0.016) | −0.036** (0.012) | ||
| Productivity | 0.045** (0.013) | |||||
| Future taxes | −0.039*** (0.014) | −0.053*** (0.021) | −0.023 (0.015) | 0.031 (0.017) | ||
| Bribes to remain unregistered | −0.020*** (0.006) | −0.007 (0.007) | −0.019*** (0.006) | −0.018 (0.010) | ||
| Access to finance | 0.308*** (0.027) | 0.034*** (0.012) | 0.021* (0.011) | 0.045*** (0.011) | ||
| Inspections | −0.012 (0.011) | 0.013*** (0.002) | ||||
| Access to infrastructure etc. | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.017 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.010) | 0.018* (0.010) | ||
| Less bribes | −0.003 (0.006) | −0.003 (0.009) | −0.006 (0.008) | −0.007 (0.005) | ||
| No benefit | 0.355*** (0.026) | −0.436*** (0.033) | −0.032** (0.013) | −0.046 (0.024) | ||
| Biggest obstacle – land | 0.053 (0.035) | −0.005 (0.057) | ||||
| Biggest obstacle – corruption | 0.021 (0.049) | 0.128** (0.061) | ||||
| Biggest obstacle – crime | −0.098** (0.049) | −0.069 (0.083) | ||||
| Biggest obstacle – power | −0.035 (0.029) | −0.058 (0.121) | ||||
| LnGDP | −0.278** (0.110) | −0.243** (0.091) | ||||
| The rule of law | −0.173*** (0.035) | 0.270** (0.107) | 0.189* (0.090) | |||
| Past registration | 0.198*** (0.038) | 0.299*** (0.054) | 0.183*** (0.045) | |||
| Age of the owner | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | ||||
| Owner has a job | −0.157** (0.078) | −0.132*** (0.055) | ||||
| Age business × past registration | 0.044** (0.018) | |||||
| Age owner × education | 0.0003 (0.0006) | |||||
| Sex × education | −0.018 (0.039) | |||||
| Observations | 2,456 | 2,456 | 2,456 | 2,456 | 2,456 | 2,450 |
| No. of countries | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
| Variable(s) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 (endogenous probit) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 0.009 (0.035) | 0.0006 (0.028) | 0.016 (0.037) | 0.028 (0.022) | 0.010 (0.035) | 0.017* (0.009) |
| Firm size | 0.015* (0.007) | −0.009 (0.006) | 0.004 (0.008) | −0.004 (0.007) | −0.014 (0.013) | 0.016 (0.012) |
| Experience the of owner | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.014*** (0.003) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.006*** (0.002) | 0.007 (0.004) | 0.008*** (0.003) |
| Firm age | 0.0002 (0.004) | −0.009** (0.003) | 0.002 (0.005) | −0.005** (0.002) | −0.002 (0.005) | −0.006** (0.0.002) |
| Education | 0.055** (0.018) | 0.048*** (0.014) | 0.055*** (0.019) | 0.069*** (0.011) | 0.051*** (0.019) | 0.062*** (0.020) |
| Gender of the owner | 0.028 (0.036) | 0.052* (0.029) | −0.002 (0.038) | 0.081*** (0.022) | 0.037 (0.038) | 0.048 (0.036) |
| Registration time | −0.001*** (0.0003) | −0.0003 (0.0002) | −0.0005** (0.0002) | −0.0007** (0.0003) | ||
| Time fees and paperwork | −0.002*** (0.0004) | −0.004 (0.020) | −0.024 (0.016) | −0.036** (0.012) | ||
| Productivity | 0.045** (0.013) | |||||
| Future taxes | −0.039*** (0.014) | −0.053*** (0.021) | −0.023 (0.015) | 0.031 (0.017) | ||
| Bribes to remain unregistered | −0.020*** (0.006) | −0.007 (0.007) | −0.019*** (0.006) | −0.018 (0.010) | ||
| Access to finance | 0.308*** (0.027) | 0.034*** (0.012) | 0.021* (0.011) | 0.045*** (0.011) | ||
| Inspections | −0.012 (0.011) | 0.013*** (0.002) | ||||
| Access to infrastructure etc. | −0.004 (0.008) | −0.017 (0.011) | 0.015 (0.010) | 0.018* (0.010) | ||
| Less bribes | −0.003 (0.006) | −0.003 (0.009) | −0.006 (0.008) | −0.007 (0.005) | ||
| No benefit | 0.355*** (0.026) | −0.436*** (0.033) | −0.032** (0.013) | −0.046 (0.024) | ||
| Biggest obstacle – land | 0.053 (0.035) | −0.005 (0.057) | ||||
| Biggest obstacle – corruption | 0.021 (0.049) | 0.128** (0.061) | ||||
| Biggest obstacle – crime | −0.098** (0.049) | −0.069 (0.083) | ||||
| Biggest obstacle – power | −0.035 (0.029) | −0.058 (0.121) | ||||
| LnGDP | −0.278** (0.110) | −0.243** (0.091) | ||||
| The rule of law | −0.173*** (0.035) | 0.270** (0.107) | 0.189* (0.090) | |||
| Past registration | 0.198*** (0.038) | 0.299*** (0.054) | 0.183*** (0.045) | |||
| Age of the owner | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.006*** (0.001) | ||||
| Owner has a job | −0.157** (0.078) | −0.132*** (0.055) | ||||
| Age business × past registration | 0.044** (0.018) | |||||
| Age owner × education | 0.0003 (0.0006) | |||||
| Sex × education | −0.018 (0.039) | |||||
Note(s): The corresponding robust standard errors are in parentheses; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05, and *p < 0.1. The coefficients are equal to marginal effects
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