Country level results estimated using a probit model
| Variable(s) | Ghana | Kenya | The DRC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 0.077 (0.090) | 0.075 (0.162) | 0.028 (0.070) |
| Experience of the owner | 0.025* (0.015) | 0.001 (0.020) | −0.005 (0.007) |
| Firm age | −0.006 (0.015) | −0.011 (0.021) | −0.011 (0.008) |
| Education | 0.121** (0.055) | 0.092 (0.101) | 0.016 (0.034) |
| Gender of the owner | 0.033 (0.098) | −0.001 (0.179) | 0.095 (0.078) |
| Registration time | −0.0001 (0.0008) | 0.0004 (0.0013) | 0.0002 (0.0002) |
| Time fees and paperwork | −0.014 (0.095) | −0.201 (0.164) | −0.007 (0.037) |
| Future taxes | −0.209** (0.095) | −0.044 (0.067) | −0.064* (0.039) |
| Bribes to remain unregistered | 0.007 (0.025) | −0.0140 (0.030) | −0.014 (0.011) |
| Access to finance | 0.085* (0.049) | 0.151*** (0.057) | −0.012 (0.021) |
| Past registration | 0.237** (0.116) | 0.310*** (0.061) | |
| Access to infrastructure etc. | 0.063* (0.035) | 0.039 (0.053) | −0.017 (0.019) |
| No benefit | −0.267*** (0.096) | −0.875*** (0.177) | 0.545*** (0.055) |
| Inspection | −0.008 (0.025) | −0.065 (0.069) | −0.029 (0.029) |
| Age of owner | −0.003 (0.004) | 0.011 (0.010) | 0.004 (0.004) |
| Owner has a job | −0.244 (0.356) | −0.625 (0.396) | 0.018 (0.106) |
| Education × experience | 0.098** (0.025) | 0.076* (0.029) | 0.120* (0.058) |
| Observations | 547 | 381 | 350 |
| Variable(s) | Ghana | Kenya | The DRC |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 0.077 (0.090) | 0.075 (0.162) | 0.028 (0.070) |
| Experience of the owner | 0.025* (0.015) | 0.001 (0.020) | −0.005 (0.007) |
| Firm age | −0.006 (0.015) | −0.011 (0.021) | −0.011 (0.008) |
| Education | 0.121** (0.055) | 0.092 (0.101) | 0.016 (0.034) |
| Gender of the owner | 0.033 (0.098) | −0.001 (0.179) | 0.095 (0.078) |
| Registration time | −0.0001 (0.0008) | 0.0004 (0.0013) | 0.0002 (0.0002) |
| Time fees and paperwork | −0.014 (0.095) | −0.201 (0.164) | −0.007 (0.037) |
| Future taxes | −0.209** (0.095) | −0.044 (0.067) | −0.064* (0.039) |
| Bribes to remain unregistered | 0.007 (0.025) | −0.0140 (0.030) | −0.014 (0.011) |
| Access to finance | 0.085* (0.049) | 0.151*** (0.057) | −0.012 (0.021) |
| Past registration | 0.237** (0.116) | 0.310*** (0.061) | |
| Access to infrastructure etc. | 0.063* (0.035) | 0.039 (0.053) | −0.017 (0.019) |
| No benefit | −0.267*** (0.096) | −0.875*** (0.177) | 0.545*** (0.055) |
| Inspection | −0.008 (0.025) | −0.065 (0.069) | −0.029 (0.029) |
| Age of owner | −0.003 (0.004) | 0.011 (0.010) | 0.004 (0.004) |
| Owner has a job | −0.244 (0.356) | −0.625 (0.396) | 0.018 (0.106) |
| Education × experience | 0.098** (0.025) | 0.076* (0.029) | 0.120* (0.058) |
Note(s): The corresponding robust standard errors are in parentheses; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05, and *p < 0.1. The coefficients are equal to marginal effects
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