Measurement items
| Construct | Item | Standardized factor loading | Composite reliability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social norm | Sometimes I feel pressured to tip | 0.555 | 0.750 |
| I feel more obligated to tip when dining with friends and/or family | 0.684 | ||
| On occasion, I tip to impress | 0.733 | ||
| A server’s gender influences my tipping behavior | 0.641 | ||
| Server quality | Promptness of a server’s greeting influences my tipping behavior | 0.546 | 0.734 |
| I tip more than I normally do when service is excellent | 0.496 | ||
| Timeliness of service influences my tipping behavior | 0.679 | ||
| Unsatisfactory service negatively influences my tipping behavior (leave less tip) | 0.526 | ||
| My tipping behavior is directly related to the service received | 0.722 | ||
| Food quality | The quality of the restaurant’s food influences my tipping behavior | 0.797 | 0.787 |
| When the restaurant’s food quality is poor, I leave a smaller tip | 0.814 | ||
| BISS | Ask for the same server on future visits | 0.736 | 0.801 |
| Recommend the server to friends and/or family on future visits | 0.893 | ||
| Goodness-of-fit indices | χ2(59)=135.62 (p<0.001), χ2/df=2.3, comparative fit index (CFI)=0.916, Tucker–Lewis index (TLI) =0.889, standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.060 and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.070. | ||
| Construct | Item | Standardized factor loading | Composite reliability |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social norm | Sometimes I feel pressured to tip | 0.555 | 0.750 |
| I feel more obligated to tip when dining with friends and/or family | 0.684 | ||
| On occasion, I tip to impress | 0.733 | ||
| A server’s gender influences my tipping behavior | 0.641 | ||
| Server quality | Promptness of a server’s greeting influences my tipping behavior | 0.546 | 0.734 |
| I tip more than I normally do when service is excellent | 0.496 | ||
| Timeliness of service influences my tipping behavior | 0.679 | ||
| Unsatisfactory service negatively influences my tipping behavior (leave less tip) | 0.526 | ||
| My tipping behavior is directly related to the service received | 0.722 | ||
| Food quality | The quality of the restaurant’s food influences my tipping behavior | 0.797 | 0.787 |
| When the restaurant’s food quality is poor, I leave a smaller tip | 0.814 | ||
| BISS | Ask for the same server on future visits | 0.736 | 0.801 |
| Recommend the server to friends and/or family on future visits | 0.893 | ||
| Goodness-of-fit indices | |||
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