Table 1 The evolution of teacher... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

The evolution of teacher professional development programs in Indonesia

TPD program	INPRES (Thair and Treagust, 2003)	PKG (Thair and Treagust, 2003; Somerset, 1988)	Sanggar PKG (Thair and Treagust, 2003)	KKG/MGMP (Van der Werf et al., 2000; Chang et al., 2014)	PLPG (Jalal et al., 2009; World Bank, 2015)	PKB
First implemented	1970s	1980s	1982	1993	2007	2013 (some changes in 2015)
Objective	Equip teachers without teacher training experience	Support teachers to implement student-centered learning	Scale-up PKG to district-level implementation	Facilitate teacher learning within a school cluster	(1) Remedial program for teachers who did not pass Teacher Certification (2) From 2010 to 2017, PLPG is mandatory in Teacher Certification program	(1) Remedial program for teachers who scored low in the National teacher competence test (2) TPD activities to earn credit points for civil servant promotion
Duration and forms	Three weeks of in-service training	A total of 16 weeks (in-service training and classroom coaching)	One week of in-service training	One day every month	A total of 90 h of in-service training	Total of 60 h of in service training
TPD model	Cascade model	Intensive coaching program	Cascade model	Teacher working group	Centralized by Teacher Training Institutions	Cascade model
Targeting based on teaching experience	No differentiation for novice or experienced teachers
Involving teaching practice activity	–	Two cycles of two-week lesson observation	1–3 lesson observation	–	Peer-teaching as part of final assessment	–

TPD program	INPRES (Thair and Treagust, 2003)	PKG (Thair and Treagust, 2003; Somerset, 1988)	Sanggar PKG (Thair and Treagust, 2003)	KKG/MGMP (Van der Werf et al., 2000; Chang et al., 2014)	PLPG (Jalal et al., 2009; World Bank, 2015)	PKB
First implemented	1970s	1980s	1982	1993	2007	2013 (some changes in 2015)
Objective	Equip teachers without teacher training experience	Support teachers to implement student-centered learning	Scale-up PKG to district-level implementation	Facilitate teacher learning within a school cluster	(1) Remedial program for teachers who did not pass Teacher Certification (2) From 2010 to 2017, PLPG is mandatory in Teacher Certification program	(1) Remedial program for teachers who scored low in the National teacher competence test (2) TPD activities to earn credit points for civil servant promotion
Duration and forms	Three weeks of in-service training	A total of 16 weeks (in-service training and classroom coaching)	One week of in-service training	One day every month	A total of 90 h of in-service training	Total of 60 h of in service training
TPD model	Cascade model	Intensive coaching program	Cascade model	Teacher working group	Centralized by Teacher Training Institutions	Cascade model
Targeting based on teaching experience	No differentiation for novice or experienced teachers
Involving teaching practice activity	–	Two cycles of two-week lesson observation	1–3 lesson observation	–	Peer-teaching as part of final assessment	–

Source(s): Authors’ own creation