Table 4

Examples of recommended safe distances for depth vibrator operations

Examples considered for evaluationMethodEstimated safe operating distances for different vibrator types: m
VR-AVR-BVR-CVC-A
Reinforced or framed structures, industrial and heavy commercial buildings (PPV of 25 mm/s)Estimated D @ 50%1.01.01.02.0
Proposed D @ 97.7%4.05.06.010.0
Wiss (1981) 1.02.53.53.5
Attewell et al. (1992a, 1992b) 
(97.7% estimate)		5.513.016.018.5
Ko et al. (1990) 
Modified		2.02.02.02.0
Unreinforced or light framed structures (10 mm/s @ 15 Hz increasing to 25 mm/s @ >40 Hz)Estimated D @ 50%1.01.01.02.5
Proposed D @ 97.7%4.05.06.013.5
Wiss (1981) 1.02.53.54.5
Attewell et al. (1992a, 1992b) 
(97.7% estimate)		5.513.016.022.0
Ko et al. (1990) 
Modified		2.02.02.03.0
Underground services, metal and reinforced concrete pipes (PPV of 15 mm/s)Estimated D @ 50%1.52.02.54.0
Proposed D @ 97.7%9.010.012.017.0
Wiss (1981) 1.54.05.05.5
Attewell et al. (1992a, 1992b) 
(97.7% estimate)		12.020.022.025.0
Ko et al. (1990) 
Modified		4.54.54.54.5
Historical monuments, old and statically undefined structures (PPV of 5 mm/s)Estimated D @ 50%8.09.511.016.0
Proposed D @ 97.7%26.529.032.040.0
Wiss (1981) 5.59.511.015.0
Attewell et al. (1992a, 1992b) 
(97.7% estimate)		70.060.045.035.0
Ko et al. (1990) 
Modified		16.016.016.016.0

Note: these are examples illustrating the application of the semi-empirical approach shown in Figure 9. The inclusion of distances D @ 50% and D @ 97.7% is for comparison purposes and to highlight the effect of the distance from the source on the exceedance rate. It is also important to note that the above estimations consider only a structure vibration transmission case, and no allowance is made for dynamic settlement effects due to the vibration action (especially for close-range cases)

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