Analysis of factors determining farmer learnings to adapt to climate change
| Variables | Analysis of factors determining farmer learnings to adapt to climate change (marginal effects from multinomial logit model): base outcome (no learning) | Analysis of the intensity of learning from experience to adapt to climate change (Tobit model) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Learning from own experience | Learning from neighbours | Specification A | Specification B | Specification C | |||
| Model A | Model B | Model A | Model B | ||||
| Demographic | |||||||
| Age of HH head | −0.038(0.026) | – | −0.045***(0.016) | – | −0.045**(0.021) | – | – |
| Young farmer dummy | – | 0.096***(0.023) | – | 0.116**(0.052) | – | 0.126***(0.027) | – |
| Human and social capital | |||||||
| Primary educationa | 0.305(0.224) | 0.278(0.214) | −0.105(0.225) | −0.115(0.205) | 0.078(0.107) | 0.079(0.109) | 0.105(0.125) |
| Secondary educationa | 0.115***(0.037) | 0.105***(0.031) | 0.095***(0.024) | 0.094***(0.022) | 0.095***(0.027) | 0.097***(0.031) | 0.083***(0.024) |
| Higher secondary and abovea | 0.035**(0.016) | 0.031**(0.014) | 0.043**(0.021) | 0.041**(0.019) | 0.045**(0.021) | 0.041**(0.018) | 0.041**(0.020) |
| Training | 0.388***(0.131) | 0.311***(0.126) | 0.151(0.377) | 0.151(0.374) | 0.266***(0.072) | 0.295**(0.121) | 0.316***(0.107) |
| Lack knowledge | −0.437***(0.119) | −0.437***(0.119) | −0.132**(0.078) | −0.137***(0.076) | −0.311***(0.119) | −0.301***(0.119) | −0.332***(0.078) |
| Membership in cooperatives | 0.256***(0.041) | 0.210***(0.062) | 0.326***(0.112) | 0.265***(0.098) | 0.097(0.109) | −0.019(0.125) | 0.152(0.110) |
| Farm assets | |||||||
| Land owned (ha) | 0.291***(0.087) | 0.263***(0.087) | 0.288***(0.088) | 0.267***(0.078) | 0.014**(0.006) | 0.024***(0.007) | 0.017***(0.007) |
| Own tractor | 0.545(0.779) | 0.545(0.779) | −0.936(0.624) | −0.936(0.624) | 0.011(0.127) | −0.021(0.140) | −0.021(0.122) |
| Access to facilities and infrastructure | |||||||
| Distance to market | −0.021(0.094) | −0.021(0.094) | −0.077(0.110) | −0.077(0.110) | −0.017(0.017) | 0.000(0.019) | −0.002(0.016) |
| Distance to extension centre | −0.131(0.112) | −0.127(0.102) | −0.116(0.096) | −0.099(0.106) | 0.009(0.017) | −0.028(0.020) | 0.011(0.017) |
| Lack credit | −0.348(0.427) | −0.378(0.429) | −0.224(0.814) | −0.234(0.802) | −0.422(0.547) | −0.573(0.627) | −0.049(0.563) |
| Distance to ZT service provider | −0.603***(0.231) | −0.617***(0.214) | −0.184***(0.054) | −0.181***(0.049) | −0.099***(0.035) | −0.106***(0.037) | −0.082**(0.034) |
| Perception of CAW on adaptation to climate change | |||||||
| Perception on CAW | 0.201***(0.044) | 0.193***(0.039) | 0.211***(0.054) | 0.212***(0.054) | 0.400***(0.108) | 0.459**(0.192) | 0.419**(0.131) |
| Interaction terms young farmer and training | |||||||
| Young farmer*trainingb | – | 0.263***(0.103) | – | 0.171***(0.063) | – | – | 0.191***(0.022) |
| Constant | 5.905***(2.108) | 5.835***(1.108) | 4.873***(1.814) | 4.894***(1.753) | −0.581(0.632) | 0.272(0.627) | 0.147(0.616) |
| Sigma constant | – | – | – | – | 0.441***(0.037) | 0.454***(0.042) | 0.480***(0.039) |
| Pseudo R2 | – | – | – | – | 0.317 | 0.323 | 0.341 |
| Number of observations | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 |
| Variables | Analysis of factors determining farmer learnings to adapt to climate change (marginal effects from multinomial logit model): base outcome (no learning) | Analysis of the intensity of learning from experience to adapt to climate change (Tobit model) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Learning from own experience | Learning from neighbours | Specification A | Specification B | Specification C | |||
| Model A | Model B | Model A | Model B | ||||
| Age of HH head | −0.038(0.026) | – | −0.045 | – | −0.045**(0.021) | – | – |
| Young farmer dummy | – | 0.096 | – | 0.116**(0.052) | – | 0.126 | – |
| Primary educationa | 0.305(0.224) | 0.278(0.214) | −0.105(0.225) | −0.115(0.205) | 0.078(0.107) | 0.079(0.109) | 0.105(0.125) |
| Secondary educationa | 0.115 | 0.105 | 0.095 | 0.094 | 0.095 | 0.097 | 0.083 |
| Higher secondary and abovea | 0.035**(0.016) | 0.031**(0.014) | 0.043**(0.021) | 0.041**(0.019) | 0.045**(0.021) | 0.041**(0.018) | 0.041**(0.020) |
| Training | 0.388 | 0.311 | 0.151(0.377) | 0.151(0.374) | 0.266 | 0.295**(0.121) | 0.316 |
| Lack knowledge | −0.437 | −0.437 | −0.132**(0.078) | −0.137 | −0.311 | −0.301 | −0.332 |
| Membership in cooperatives | 0.256 | 0.210 | 0.326 | 0.265 | 0.097(0.109) | −0.019(0.125) | 0.152(0.110) |
| Land owned (ha) | 0.291 | 0.263 | 0.288 | 0.267 | 0.014**(0.006) | 0.024 | 0.017 |
| Own tractor | 0.545(0.779) | 0.545(0.779) | −0.936(0.624) | −0.936(0.624) | 0.011(0.127) | −0.021(0.140) | −0.021(0.122) |
| Distance to market | −0.021(0.094) | −0.021(0.094) | −0.077(0.110) | −0.077(0.110) | −0.017(0.017) | 0.000(0.019) | −0.002(0.016) |
| Distance to extension centre | −0.131(0.112) | −0.127(0.102) | −0.116(0.096) | −0.099(0.106) | 0.009(0.017) | −0.028(0.020) | 0.011(0.017) |
| Lack credit | −0.348(0.427) | −0.378(0.429) | −0.224(0.814) | −0.234(0.802) | −0.422(0.547) | −0.573(0.627) | −0.049(0.563) |
| Distance to ZT service provider | −0.603 | −0.617 | −0.184 | −0.181 | −0.099 | −0.106 | −0.082**(0.034) |
| Perception on CAW | 0.201 | 0.193 | 0.211 | 0.212 | 0.400 | 0.459**(0.192) | 0.419**(0.131) |
| Young farmer | – | 0.263 | – | 0.171 | – | – | 0.191 |
| Constant | 5.905 | 5.835 | 4.873 | 4.894 | −0.581(0.632) | 0.272(0.627) | 0.147(0.616) |
| Sigma constant | – | – | – | – | 0.441 | 0.454 | 0.480 |
| Pseudo | – | – | – | – | 0.317 | 0.323 | 0.341 |
| Number of observations | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 | 184 |
Notes:
Base category is illiterate;
interaction term between young farmer and training;
***significant at 1 per cent;
**significant at 5 per cent; *significant at 10 per cent, standard errors are reported in parentheses
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