Description of the variables that determine the adoption of adaptation strategies and their hypothesis
| Variables | Definition and measurements of the variables that determine the adoption of adaption strategies | Hypothesis |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Gender is a dummy variable, as 1 = Male, 0 = Female. Female-headed households are less likely to adopt adaptation strategies to respond to climate change risks (Belay et al., 2017) | Positive/negative |
| Age | Age is a continuous variable (years); as the farmer’s age increases, the likelihood of adopting adaption strategies is less (Nguyen et al., 2021; Islam et al., 2021) | Positive/negative |
| Education | Education is a dummy variable, 0 = No formal education, 1 = Formal education. Farmers, who have higher levels of education, are more likely to adopt climate change adaptation strategy (Funk et al., 2020; Hirpha et al., 2020) | Positive |
| Household size | Household size is continuous variable (number). A larger household size is associated with greater labor resources (Opiyo et al., 2016), as the number of households size increases, the likelihood of adaptation strategies increases (Opiyo et al., 2016) | Positive |
| Farm size | Farm size is a continuous variable (hectare). It affects the adoption of adaptation strategies to respond to climate change (Mahaarcha, 2019) | Positive/negative |
| Farming experience | Farming experiences is continuous (years), as the years of farming experience increase the likelihood of adopting the adaptation strategies increases (Belay et al., 2017) | Positive |
| Extension advisory contact | Extension advisory contact is continuous variable (number contact per a year), as extension advisory contact increases, increase the probability of farmers adopting adaptation strategies (Adeagbo et al., 2021) | Positive |
| Livestock ownership | Livestock holding in Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) is continuous variable; having a high TLU increases the probability of farmers adopting adaptation strategies (Zeleke et al., 2022) | Positive |
| Access to climate information | Access to climate information is a dummy variable, 1 = Yes, 0 = No; having access to climate information encourages farmers to adopt adaptation measures (Asrat and Simane, 2018; Marie et al., 2020; Mihiretu et al., 2023) | Positive |
| Access to credit | Access to credit is a dummy variable, 1 = Yes, 0 = No; having access to credit enhances the likelihood of adopting adaptation strategies (Atube et al., 2021) | Positive |
| Household income | Annual household income is continuous (Ethiopian Birr); high household income can increase the probability of adopting adaptation methods (Esfandiari et al., 2020; Nguyen et al., 2021) | Positive |
| Variables | Definition and measurements of the variables that determine the adoption of adaption strategies | Hypothesis |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Gender is a dummy variable, as 1 = Male, 0 = Female. Female-headed households are less likely to adopt adaptation strategies to respond to climate change risks ( | Positive/negative |
| Age | Age is a continuous variable (years); as the farmer’s age increases, the likelihood of adopting adaption strategies is less ( | Positive/negative |
| Education | Education is a dummy variable, 0 = No formal education, 1 = Formal education. Farmers, who have higher levels of education, are more likely to adopt climate change adaptation strategy ( | Positive |
| Household size | Household size is continuous variable (number). A larger household size is associated with greater labor resources ( | Positive |
| Farm size | Farm size is a continuous variable (hectare). It affects the adoption of adaptation strategies to respond to climate change ( | Positive/negative |
| Farming experience | Farming experiences is continuous (years), as the years of farming experience increase the likelihood of adopting the adaptation strategies increases ( | Positive |
| Extension advisory contact | Extension advisory contact is continuous variable (number contact per a year), as extension advisory contact increases, increase the probability of farmers adopting adaptation strategies ( | Positive |
| Livestock ownership | Livestock holding in Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) is continuous variable; having a high TLU increases the probability of farmers adopting adaptation strategies ( | Positive |
| Access to climate information | Access to climate information is a dummy variable, 1 = Yes, 0 = No; having access to climate information encourages farmers to adopt adaptation measures ( | Positive |
| Access to credit | Access to credit is a dummy variable, 1 = Yes, 0 = No; having access to credit enhances the likelihood of adopting adaptation strategies ( | Positive |
| Household income | Annual household income is continuous (Ethiopian Birr); high household income can increase the probability of adopting adaptation methods ( | Positive |
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