Table I.

Positive and negative non-contractual exchanges

Mutual goal-seeking behavior with matching contributionsPositive reciprocity
Mutual goal-seeking behaviors involving victimsExtortion
Blackmailing
Bullying
Deception/Lying
One-sided redistribution schemes affecting victimsTheft
Losses
Fraud/Embezzlement
Abuse of power/war
Victimless exchanges affecting third partiesUsing the black market
Bribery
Source: Adapted from Houston and Gassenheimer (1987, pp. 12-14)

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