Table 1.

Soil model parameters (Kovacevic, 1994; Potts et al., 1997; Hight et al., 2007)

PropertyAssumed value
Bulk unit weight, γ18·8 kN/m3
Peak strength (bulk)cp = 7 kPa, ϕp = 20°
Residual strengthcr = 2 kPa, ϕr = 13°
Poisson ratio, μ0·2
Angle of dilation, ψ
Young's modulus, E25(p′ + 100) (min 4000 kPa)
Plastic deviatoric strain, EdPeak 5%, residual 20%
Coefficient of permeability, kk0 = 5 × 10−10 m/s
b = 0·003 m2/kN

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