A risk-averse culture (Pan et al., 2008)

The lack of multi-skilled labour (Goodier and Gibb, 2007; Hamzeh et al., 2017; Zhai et al., 2014)

The early involvement and colocation of key project participants to enable shared goals and practices (Hall et al., 2018)

Long-term relationships (Lindgren and Emmitt, 2017)

Coordination, collaborative development and reciprocal communication (Kahkonen, 2015)

A process of task sequence alignment, knowledge base alignment, and work allocation alignment (Alin et al., 2013)

Rigid labour union rules (Said, 2015)

The absence of government regulations and incentives (Mao et al., 2015 

Complex and time-consuming regulative procedures (Halman et al., 2008)

The lack of government incentives (Pan et al., 2012)

Developers and the government can influence decision-making processes through policies, education and communication of best practices and experiences (Blayse and Manley, 2004; Goodier and Gibb, 2007; Hedgren and Stehn, 2014; Mao et al., 2015; Hanna et al., 2017; Wuni and Shen, 2019)

Decision-making based on dialogue and relationships (Hedgren and Stehn, 2014)

Clients’ lack of technical knowledge of the building process and the effects of their decisions on the process (Halman et al., 2008)

Clients not familiar with new methods and techniques or believe that offsite construction is more expensive than traditional construction (Goodier and Gibb, 2007; Mao et al., 2015; Hong et al., 2018)

Complex interfaces between subsystems (Jaillon et al., 2009)

The lack of design-production interfaces (Jaillon et al., 2009)

Transportation regulations may limit module sizes (Gibb and Isack, 2003; Bekdik et al., 2016; Choi et al., 2017)

Integration of design, construction and logistics processes (Gibb and Isack, 2003; Goodier and Gibb, 2007; Franz et al., 2013; Pan et al., 2008; Bekdik et al., 2016; Choi et al., 2017; Hamzeh et al., 2017; Taylor and Levitt, 2004; Zhai et al., 2014)

Repetition and standardisation in design solutions (Pan et al., 2012; Mao et al., 2015; Bekdik et al., 2016)

Early planning of PPMOF solutions and logistics (Pan et al., 2012)

System integrators (Pisano and Teece, 2007; Rutten et al., 2009; Robinson et al., 2016; Steinhardt et al., 2020)

Training programs for personnel and protocols for working with suppliers (Hanna et al., 2017)

Price is the most important decision criterion for selecting the building system (Pan et al., 2012; Mao et al., 2015)

The scarcity and high price of building land (Halman et al., 2008)

Project-based business models of competitive bidding (Katila et al., 2018; Hall et al., 2020)

Relational contracts and target value design (Hall et al., 2018)

Reduced labour wages (Hanna et al., 2017)

A balance between offering, operational platform and market position of a business model (Lessing and Brege, 2018)