Table 1 Differences in the environment... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Differences in the environment leading to MBO and objectives and key results

Driver	Management in a predictable environment	Management under uncertainty
Managerial approach	Plan-based	Flexible
Managerial principle	Control	Empowerment
Goal setting	Mainly top-down	Top-down and bottom-up
Decision-making	Centralized (management)	Distributed (Employees)
Coupling mechanism	Managerial masterplan	Shared vision
Performance management	Management by objectives (Drucker, 1954)	Objectives and key results (Doerr, 2018)

Driver	Management in a predictableenvironment	Management underuncertainty
Managerial approach	Plan-based	Flexible
Managerial principle	Control	Empowerment
Goal setting	Mainly top-down	Top-down and bottom-up
Decision-making	Centralized (management)	Distributed (Employees)
Coupling mechanism	Managerial masterplan	Shared vision
Performance management	Management by objectives(Drucker, 1954)	Objectives and key results(Doerr, 2018)