Table 1

Family identity elements

CategoryAuthorsModel/framework (if applicable)Concepts
CIAaker (1996) Brand identity planning modelOrganisational associations
Gray and Balmer (1998)  Company strategy, philosophy, organisational design
Balmer (2001b) Strategy, structure, history, business activities, market scope
Harris and de Chernatony (2001) The identity–reputation gap model of brand managementVision
Hatch and Schultz (2003) The corporate branding tool kitStrategic vision
Burmann et al. (2009)  Heritage, organisational capabilities, values, vision, core offering
Melewar and Karaosmanoglu (2006); Melewar et al. (2018) The revised categorisation of CI dimensions; CI taxonomyCorporate design, corporate structure, industry identity, corporate strategy
Abratt and Kleyn (2012)  Strategic choices (e.g., mission, vision, values, strategy, strategy formulation and implementation)
Suvatjis et al. (2012) Six-station CI modelHead factor (mission, values and leadership), strategy factor (corporate strategy)
Kitchen et al. (2013)  Mission statement, organisational founder
Astrachan et al. (2018), Greyser and Urde (2019); Urde (2013) The corporate brand identity matrix (CBIM); family business brand identity, portrayal and reputation matrixInternal: mission and vision (what is our direction and inspiration); competencies (what are we particularly good at)
Tőkés (2020) Dimensions of brand identityOrigin, mission/vision, values, competencies, offer
Tourky et al. (2020)  Mission and values dissemination, founder transformational leadership
 Holtzhausen (2021) CI categoriesActual identity
CPAaker (1996) Brand identity planning modelBrand personality
Gray and Balmer (1998)  Culture
Harris and de Chernatony (2001) The identity-reputation gap model of brand managementCulture (e.g., artefacts, values and mental models), personality
Balmer (2001a) The corporate culture around the organisation’s founder, cultural mix
Hatch and Schultz (2003) The corporate branding tool kitOrganisational culture
Burmann et al. (2009)  Personality
Balmer and Greyser (2006) The six C’s of corporate marketingCulture, character
Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) Identity mixBehaviour
 Melewar and Karaosmanoglu (2006); Melewar et al. (2018) The revised categorisation of CI dimensions; CI taxonomyCorporate culture, corporate behaviour
Suvatjis et al. (2012) The six-station CI modelCritical triplet station (corporate reputation, image and personality)
Kapferer (2012) The (brand) identity prismCulture (of the brand), personality
Abratt and Kleyn (2012)  Strategic choices (culture)
Kitchen et al. (2013)  Corporate culture, behaviour
Astrachan et al. (2018), Greyser and Urde (2019); Urde (2013) The CBIM; family business brand identity, portrayal and reputation matrixInternal: culture (attitudes, how we work and behave)
Tourky et al. (2020)  Top management behavioural leadership, employee identification
CEAaker (1996) Brand identity planning modelProduct-related associations, the brand as a symbol (e.g. visual images; heritage)
Harris and de Chernatony (2001) The identity–reputation gap model of brand managementCreativity factor (visual identity), communication (all forms of communication), human factor (employees and stakeholders)
Hatch and Schultz (2003) The corporate branding tool kitRelationships (e.g. to staff, customers and other stakeholders), positioning, presentation
Balmer and Greyser (2006) The six C’s of corporate marketingProduct-related associations, the brand as a symbol (e.g. visual images, heritage)
Van Riel and Fombrun (2007) Identity mixInternal/external: expression (the way we communicate ourselves); brand core (promises and core value); external: (intended) position in the minds of the market; value proposition to customers and other stakeholders; relationships (interactions with key customers and non-customer stakeholders)
Melewar and Karaosmanoglu (2006); Melewar et al. (2018) The revised categorisation of CI dimensions; CI taxonomyCorporate image
Suvatjis et al. (2012) The six-station CI modelRelationships; self-image (how the brand reflects the consumers’ inner relationship), customer reflection (how they wish to be seen as users of the brand), physique (the product features)
Abratt and Kleyn (2012)  CE (visual identity, brand promise, brand personality, brand communication)
Kapferer (2012) The (brand) identity prismCommunication, symbolism
Kitchen et al. (2013)  Communication, visual identity
Astrachan et al. (2018), Greyser and Urde (2019); Urde (2013) The CBIM; family business brand identity, portrayal and reputation matrixCommunication, constituencies (e.g. stakeholders), covenant (what is promised), conceptualisations (corporate reputation)
Tourky et al. (2020)  Consistent image
 Holtzhausen (2021) CI categoriesCommunicated identity, conceived identity, ideal identity, desired identity, brand identity

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