| General, development, geography, economics | 1 | Situated on the edge | Oxford Dictionary (2016) |
| 2 | Less developed, the edge of a constellation or bottom of a market hierarchy, where the peripheral is supporting the core | Frank (1967 cited in Knox and Agnew, 1998); Wallerstein (1984 cited in Knox and Agnew, 1998) |
| 3 | Core–periphery representing regional urban systems which is equal to regional transport systems | Friedmann (1966 cited in Rodrigue, 1998) |
| 4 | Gap between core–periphery increasing | Hopkins and Wallerstein (1996) |
| 5 | Remoteness and inaccessibility to transport network, market, economic, population centre | Langholm (1971); Ball (1996); Copus (2001); Bickerstaff et al. (2006) |
| 6 | Core–periphery pattern is a result of economies of scale, transportation costs and manufacturing’s share in a national income | Krugman (1991b) |
| 7 | Aspect of location to be considered in political–economic processes | Swyngedouw (1992) |
| 8 | Economical peripherality leads to spatial peripherality | Erkut and Özgen (2003) |
| 9 | Aspatial aspects related to peripherality | Copus (2001) |
| Transport, maritime transport | 1 | Peripherality becomes worse with the advancement of innovations in transport | Knowles (2006) |
| 2 | The opposite of centrality and intermediacy, not strategic | Hayuth (1981); Fleming and Hayuth (1994) |
| 3 | Unlike prime locations, peripheral ports have less bargaining power | Heaver et al. (2005) |
| 4 | Unfavourable location, ports competing with other transport modes or other ports | Monios and Wilmsmeier (2012); Wilmsmeier and Monios (2013) |
| 5 | Being feeders at the lowest port hierarchy based on efficiency and cost | Robinson (1998) |
| 6 | The degree of being hub dependence in the maritime network | Ducruet (2008) |
| Seaports | 1 | Small in size, desperate for cargo | Hayuth (1981) |
| 2 | Low volume or throughput | Dunbar-Nobes (1984) |
| 3 | Should focus on their own role | Notteboom (2005) |
| 4 | Less importance for the maritime network but important for their region or hinterland | Bryan et al. (2006), Wang and Slack (2004), Mangan and Cunningham (2000) |
| 5 | Peripherality status could change | Sargent (1938 cited in Hilling and Hoyle, 1984); Hoyle (2000), Pettit and Beresford (2008) |