Table 2

Variables used in the study

VariablesUnitVAR
GDPUS$GDP
GDP per capita, PPPUS$SIZE
Lead time to export, median caseDaysDURS
LPI: Efficiency of customs clearance processFrom 1 to 5CUST
LPI: Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructureFrom 1 to 5INFR
LPI: Ease of arranging competitively priced shipmentsFrom 1 to 5ITRN
LPI: Competence and Quality of Logistic ServicesFrom 1 to 5LOGS
LPI: Frequency with which shipments reach consignee within scheduled or expected timeFrom 1 to 5TIME
Logistic Performance Index: Ability to track and trace consignmentsFrom 1 to 5TRAC
Openness: (Exports + Imports)/GDPRatioOPEN
Air freightmillion ton-kmAF
BRI intersectionBinaryBRI
Shipping Linear Connectivity IndexFrom 1 to 100LINSHIP
Container Port ThroughputTEUCONTP

Source(s): Authors' own work

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