Table 2

Literature review

AuthorRegion/CountryAimResults
Klimek et al. (2019) Europe/PolandTo define the CSR areas of the Port of Gdańsk Authority S.A., and the socially responsible tasks undertaken by port operators and the whole port service centerAir pollution–board of directors declared CSR as part of Port of Gdansk strategy
Ashrafi et al. (2019) Canada and USA(1) To investigate how port executives perceive sustainability and what CS strategies and practices ports have adopted in their business plans; and (2) to identify influencing factors (motivations/driving factors and key challenges/barriers) that might affect adoption and implementation of CS strategies and practices in ports in the futureMany of the identified influencing factors for adoption and implementation of corporate sustainability in ports are similar to those identified in other studies; some are more sector-specific, which has allowed this study to contribute to advancing knowledge of corporate sustainability in the context of ports with novel insights
Yuen and Thai (2017) SingaporeTo examine whether the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and provision of service quality (SQ) to satisfy shippers result in financial synergiesCSR complements SQ and provides modest financial contribution to shipping firms via customer satisfaction
Vanelslander (2016) To focus on the way corporate social responsibility emerges among company goals in seaports and the extent to which innovation initiatives respond to the goals raisedDerives how relevant a specific innovation action is to a specific company goal and to which extent it actually contributes to achieving the goal
Lam and Notteboom (2014) Singapore, Shanghai, Antwerp and RotterdamTo investigate the port management tools that port/public authorities have at their disposalThe ports are particularly mature in exercising environmental standard regulations, which reveals that the enforcement approach is more prevalent
Dinwoodie et al. (2012) EuropeTo present a framework to identify the business processes required to manage the potential environmental impact of maritime operations, particularly in smaller portsPresent a framework to identify the process to measure the impact in the environment

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