Scale refinement
| Items | Mean | SD | Standardised loadings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Network exposure (Hamari and Koivisto, 2013) α = 0.901; CR = 0.927; AVE = 0.718 | |||
| I get admired by friends while moving up to a higher level on the gamified shopping application | 4.457 | 1.839 | 0.783 |
| I have a lot of friends on the gamified e-commerce application who follow my activities | 4.123 | 1.953 | 0.842 |
| Many people follow my activities on the gamified e-commerce application | 4.904 | 1.784 | 0.792 |
| I follow many people on the gamified e-commerce application | 4.475 | 1.750 | 0.914 |
| I have many friends in the gamified e-commerce application | 4.498 | 1.776 | 0.899 |
| Social influence (Hamari and Koivisto, 2013) α = 0.9531; CR = 0.964; AVE = 0.842 | |||
| If my friends think it is fun to win in the gamified e-commerce application, I will do it | 5.406 | 1.569 | 0.926 |
| My friends would think using gamified e-commerce application is a good idea | 5.297 | 1.501 | 0.935 |
| People whom I appreciate would encourage me to use gamified e-commerce applications | 5.215 | 1.412 | 0.914 |
| People who influence my attitudes would recommend gamified e-commerce applications | 5.215 | 1.600 | 0.908 |
| People who are important to me would think positively of me using gamified e-commerce applications | 5.215 | 1.551 | 0.903 |
| Recognition (Hamari and Koivisto, 2013) α = 0.948; CR = 0.967; AVE = 0.907 | |||
| I feel good when my achievements in the gamified e-commerce application are noticed | 4.991 | 1.712 | 0.949 |
| I like it when other gamified e-commerce application users comment and like my achievement | 5.055 | 1.682 | 0.959 |
| I like it when my gamified e-commerce application peers notice my exercise reports | 4.909 | 1.619 | 0.949 |
| Reciprocal benefit (Hamari and Koivisto, 2013) α = 0.927; CR = 0.949; AVE = 0.823 | |||
| I find that participating in the gamified e-commerce application community can be mutually helpful | 4.817 | 1.606 | 0.918 |
| I find my participation in the gamified e-commerce application community can be advantageous to me and other people | 4.790 | 1.697 | 0.916 |
| I think that participating in the gamified e-commerce application community improves my motivation to exercise | 4.854 | 1.687 | 0.897 |
| The gamified e-commerce application community encourages me to exercise | 4.945 | 1.607 | 0.853 |
| I find my participation in the gamified e-commerce application community can be advantageous to me and other people | 5.082 | 1.542 | 0.854 |
| Hedonic value (Hsu and Chen, 2018) α = 0.913; CR = 0.936; AVE = 0.745 | |||
| This gamified e-commerce application experience was truly a joy | 5.046 | 1.558 | 0.899 |
| Compared to other things I could have done, the time spent playing in the gamified e-commerce application is truly enjoyable | 5.493 | 1.574 | 0.914 |
| I felt the gamified e-commerce application was exciting | 5.242 | 1.424 | 0.910 |
| I felt the gamified e-commerce application gives me pleasure | 4.941 | 1.628 | 0.810 |
| I like the services offered by this gamified e-commerce | 5.553 | 1.395 | 0.773 |
| Utilitarian value (Hsu and Chen, 2018) α = 0.767; CR = 0.867; AVE = 0.689 | |||
| I use this gamified e-commerce application for obtaining the services I want | 5.799 | 1.075 | 0.670 |
| I use this gamified e-commerce application for helping me effectively do shopping | 5.073 | 1.574 | 0.913 |
| I feel this gamified e-commerce application is cleverly designed | 4.616 | 1.744 | 0.885 |
| Attitude (Hamari and Koivisto, 2013) α = 0.925; CR = 0.943; AVE = 0.769 | |||
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be a good idea | 5.699 | 1.358 | 0.866 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be favourable | 5.443 | 1.375 | 0.853 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application is a wise idea | 5.215 | 1.366 | 0.882 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be a positive thing | 5.530 | 1.332 | 0.895 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be a wise thing to do | 5.379 | 1.306 | 0.887 |
| Continued use intention (Koivisto and Hamari, 2014) α = 0.942; CR = 0.956; AVE = 0.811 | |||
| I intend to keep using the e-commerce application at least as much as I have played the game in the app | 5.320 | 1.426 | 0.890 |
| I predict that I will use the application more frequently within the next three months | 5.306 | 1.441 | 0.911 |
| I think I will keep using the application in the near future at least as much as I have during the last few months | 5.146 | 1.445 | 0.881 |
| I plan to increase the amount of using the application rather than decrease it | 5.507 | 1.509 | 0.917 |
| I will keep using the application as regularly as I do now | 5.484 | 1.428 | 0.905 |
| Intention to spread WOM (Hamari and Koivisto, 2013) α = 0.917; CR = 0.938; AVE = 0.751 | |||
| I would recommend the gamified e-commerce application to my friends | 5.612 | 1.250 | 0.822 |
| I would recommend the gamified e-commerce application to my family | 5.406 | 1.301 | 0.847 |
| I will recommend the gamified e-commerce application to anyone who seeks my advice | 5.361 | 1.352 | 0.885 |
| I will refer my acquaintances to the gamified e-commerce application | 5.689 | 1.343 | 0.866 |
| I will say positive things about the gamified e-commerce application to other people | 5.498 | 1.370 | 0.909 |
| Items | Mean | SD | Standardised loadings |
|---|---|---|---|
| I get admired by friends while moving up to a higher level on the gamified shopping application | 4.457 | 1.839 | 0.783 |
| I have a lot of friends on the gamified e-commerce application who follow my activities | 4.123 | 1.953 | 0.842 |
| Many people follow my activities on the gamified e-commerce application | 4.904 | 1.784 | 0.792 |
| I follow many people on the gamified e-commerce application | 4.475 | 1.750 | 0.914 |
| I have many friends in the gamified e-commerce application | 4.498 | 1.776 | 0.899 |
| If my friends think it is fun to win in the gamified e-commerce application, I will do it | 5.406 | 1.569 | 0.926 |
| My friends would think using gamified e-commerce application is a good idea | 5.297 | 1.501 | 0.935 |
| People whom I appreciate would encourage me to use gamified e-commerce applications | 5.215 | 1.412 | 0.914 |
| People who influence my attitudes would recommend gamified e-commerce applications | 5.215 | 1.600 | 0.908 |
| People who are important to me would think positively of me using gamified e-commerce applications | 5.215 | 1.551 | 0.903 |
| I feel good when my achievements in the gamified e-commerce application are noticed | 4.991 | 1.712 | 0.949 |
| I like it when other gamified e-commerce application users comment and like my achievement | 5.055 | 1.682 | 0.959 |
| I like it when my gamified e-commerce application peers notice my exercise reports | 4.909 | 1.619 | 0.949 |
| I find that participating in the gamified e-commerce application community can be mutually helpful | 4.817 | 1.606 | 0.918 |
| I find my participation in the gamified e-commerce application community can be advantageous to me and other people | 4.790 | 1.697 | 0.916 |
| I think that participating in the gamified e-commerce application community improves my motivation to exercise | 4.854 | 1.687 | 0.897 |
| The gamified e-commerce application community encourages me to exercise | 4.945 | 1.607 | 0.853 |
| I find my participation in the gamified e-commerce application community can be advantageous to me and other people | 5.082 | 1.542 | 0.854 |
| This gamified e-commerce application experience was truly a joy | 5.046 | 1.558 | 0.899 |
| Compared to other things I could have done, the time spent playing in the gamified e-commerce application is truly enjoyable | 5.493 | 1.574 | 0.914 |
| I felt the gamified e-commerce application was exciting | 5.242 | 1.424 | 0.910 |
| I felt the gamified e-commerce application gives me pleasure | 4.941 | 1.628 | 0.810 |
| I like the services offered by this gamified e-commerce | 5.553 | 1.395 | 0.773 |
| I use this gamified e-commerce application for obtaining the services I want | 5.799 | 1.075 | 0.670 |
| I use this gamified e-commerce application for helping me effectively do shopping | 5.073 | 1.574 | 0.913 |
| I feel this gamified e-commerce application is cleverly designed | 4.616 | 1.744 | 0.885 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be a good idea | 5.699 | 1.358 | 0.866 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be favourable | 5.443 | 1.375 | 0.853 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application is a wise idea | 5.215 | 1.366 | 0.882 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be a positive thing | 5.530 | 1.332 | 0.895 |
| I find using the gamified e-commerce application to be a wise thing to do | 5.379 | 1.306 | 0.887 |
| I intend to keep using the e-commerce application at least as much as I have played the game in the app | 5.320 | 1.426 | 0.890 |
| I predict that I will use the application more frequently within the next three months | 5.306 | 1.441 | 0.911 |
| I think I will keep using the application in the near future at least as much as I have during the last few months | 5.146 | 1.445 | 0.881 |
| I plan to increase the amount of using the application rather than decrease it | 5.507 | 1.509 | 0.917 |
| I will keep using the application as regularly as I do now | 5.484 | 1.428 | 0.905 |
| I would recommend the gamified e-commerce application to my friends | 5.612 | 1.250 | 0.822 |
| I would recommend the gamified e-commerce application to my family | 5.406 | 1.301 | 0.847 |
| I will recommend the gamified e-commerce application to anyone who seeks my advice | 5.361 | 1.352 | 0.885 |
| I will refer my acquaintances to the gamified e-commerce application | 5.689 | 1.343 | 0.866 |
| I will say positive things about the gamified e-commerce application to other people | 5.498 | 1.370 | 0.909 |
Notes:
α = Cronbach’s α; CR: composite reliability; AVE: average variance extracted
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