We investigated consumer eSports engagement as a key predictor of gamers’ online-engagement, either directly (purchases) or indirectly (community-engagement and co-production)

Consumer eSports engagement is conceptualized and validated as a higher-order reflective-formative model

Consumer eSports engagement predicted its outcomes using the notion of direct and indirect contributions toward the eSports firm

We adopted HCM-approach to specify/estimate/validate consumer eSports engagement as a composite model incorporating reflective and formative constructs

Esports companies should reward highly engaged gamers, especially those in online game communities, with relationship-building incentives