Various apparatus configurations employed for soil-extrusion testing
| Apparatus | Do: mm | Ao: mm2 | Df: mm | Af: mm2 | R | v: mm/min | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE | 23·1 | 420·0 | 11·3 | 100·0 | 4·2 | 7·5 (1–4 also) | Timar (1974) |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | Not reported | Whyte (1982), Medhat and Whyte (1986) |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | 3 | Kayabali (2011a) |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | 5 (1–10 also) | Kayabali (2012), Kayabali and Tufenkci (2007, 2010b) |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | Not reported | Kayabali (2011b, 2013), Kayabali and Tufenkci (2010a) |
| MPM | 30·0 | 706·9 | 2·5 (×28) | 137·4 | 5·1 | Not controlled | Kayabali et al. (2015a) |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | 1 | Kayabali and Ozdemir (2013), Kayabali et al. (2015b, 2015c) |
| RE | 40·0 | 1256·6 | 10·0 | 78·5 | 16·0 | 4 | Verástegui-Flores and Di Emidio (2014, 2015) |
| RE | 40·0 | 1256·6 | 5·0 | 19·6 | 64·0 | 4 | Pua et al. (2018) |
| Apparatus | Reference | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE | 23·1 | 420·0 | 11·3 | 100·0 | 4·2 | 7·5 (1–4 also) | |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | Not reported | |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | 3 | |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | 5 (1–10 also) | |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | Not reported | |
| MPM | 30·0 | 706·9 | 2·5 (×28) | 137·4 | 5·1 | Not controlled | |
| RE | 38·0 | 1134·1 | 6·0 | 28·3 | 40·1 | 1 | |
| RE | 40·0 | 1256·6 | 10·0 | 78·5 | 16·0 | 4 | |
| RE | 40·0 | 1256·6 | 5·0 | 19·6 | 64·0 | 4 |
Af, die orifice area; Ao, bore cross-sectional area of the extrusion chamber; DE, direct extrusion; Df, die orifice diameter; Do, bore diameter of the extrusion chamber; MPM, mud-press machine; R, extrusion ratio; RE, reverse extrusion
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