Table 1.

Measured, calculated and recommended parameter values used in the design of the district heating monitored pipeline

ComponentParameter: unitValueComment
FluidMaximum operation temperature, T: °C135Recommended
Installation temperature, T0: °C10Recommended
Maximum internal fluid pressure, p: bar25Recommended
Steel pipeElastic modulus, E: MPa206 290Calculated
Thermal expansion coefficient, αT: 1/K1.24 × 10−5Calculated
SoilDepth above the pipe crown, h: m0.80Measured
Unit weight, γ: kN/m319.0Measured
Angle of internal friction, ϕ: °32.5Recommended
Soil-casing angle of interface friction, δ: °21.8Recommended
Friction coefficient, μ0.4Recommended
Pre-insulated pipeDisplacement in the corner, u: mm56Calculated
Friction force, FR: kN/m5.1Calculated
Steel pipeAxial compression stress: MPa82.8Calculated
Axial compression stress: MPa184Allowable
PUR insulationShear stress: kPa10Calculated
Shear stress: kPa27Allowable
Compression stress: kPa18Calculated
Compression stress: kPa150Allowable

Recommended: standard value normally adopted for design in the district heating industry based on EN 13941 (CEN, 2019) and AGFW (2021) 

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