SEM regressions for stress-related absenteeism and turnover intention (loneliness as continuous variable)
| Variable | MODEL 1 (OLS regression) | MODEL 2 (Linear probability regression) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||
| Outcome: Loneliness (continuous) | Outcome: Days missed per mo. from stress | Outcome: Loneliness (continuous) | Outcome: Intention to turnover in next year | |||||
| Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | Coeff. | p-value | |
| Loneliness (continuous) | − | − | 0.02 | 0.000*** | − | − | 0.7% | 0.000*** |
| Job and personal resource factors | ||||||||
| Social companionship [JR] | −3.27 | 0.000*** | −0.05 | 0.000*** | −3.27 | 0.000*** | −2.3% | 0.000*** |
| Good work-life balance [JR] | −0.93 | 0.000*** | −0.01 | 0.000*** | −0.93 | 0.000*** | −0.7% | 0.000*** |
| Satisfied with communication [JR] | −0.33 | 0.054 | −0.01 | 0.058 | −0.33 | 0.054 | −0.2% | 0.062 |
| Supportive work environment [JR] | 0.20 | 0.275 | 0.00 | 0.276 | 0.20 | 0.275 | 0.1% | 0.278 |
| Technology enables connection [JR] | −0.53 | 0.005** | −0.01 | 0.006*** | −0.53 | 0.005** | −0.4% | 0.006** |
| Resilience [PR] | −7.01 | 0.000*** | −0.11 | 0.000*** | −7.01 | 0.000*** | −5.0% | 0.000*** |
| Less perceived alienation [PR] | −2.85 | 0.000*** | −0.04 | 0.000*** | −2.85 | 0.000*** | −2.0% | 0.000*** |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Male | − | − | 0.18 | 0.000*** | − | − | 7.0% | 0.000*** |
| Age | − | − | −0.01 | 0.000*** | − | − | −0.8% | 0.000*** |
| White | − | − | −0.16 | 0.003** | − | − | −7.0% | 0.000*** |
| South region | − | − | 0.04 | 0.412 | − | − | 0.1% | 0.960 |
| Occupational characteristics | ||||||||
| Hours worked per week | − | − | −0.01 | 0.001** | − | − | −0.1% | 0.010* |
| Remote work arrangement | − | − | 0.08 | 0.311 | − | − | 3.5% | 0.138 |
| Work for public company | − | − | −0.04 | 0.575 | − | − | 1.6% | 0.472 |
| Company with 1,000+ employees | − | − | 0.05 | 0.400 | − | − | 4.1% | 0.011* |
| 5 years or more tenure | − | − | −0.05 | 0.325 | − | − | −8.4% | 0.000*** |
| Job satisfaction rating | − | − | −0.22 | 0.007** | − | − | −36.2% | 0.000*** |
| Variable | MODEL 1 (OLS regression) | MODEL 2 (Linear probability regression) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 1 | Level 2 | |||||
| Loneliness | − | − | 0.02 | 0.000*** | − | − | 0.7% | 0.000*** |
| Social companionship [JR] | −3.27 | 0.000*** | −0.05 | 0.000*** | −3.27 | 0.000*** | −2.3% | 0.000*** |
| Good work-life balance [JR] | −0.93 | 0.000*** | −0.01 | 0.000*** | −0.93 | 0.000*** | −0.7% | 0.000*** |
| Satisfied with communication [JR] | −0.33 | 0.054 | −0.01 | 0.058 | −0.33 | 0.054 | −0.2% | 0.062 |
| Supportive work environment [JR] | 0.20 | 0.275 | 0.00 | 0.276 | 0.20 | 0.275 | 0.1% | 0.278 |
| Technology enables connection [JR] | −0.53 | 0.005** | −0.01 | 0.006*** | −0.53 | 0.005** | −0.4% | 0.006** |
| Resilience [PR] | −7.01 | 0.000*** | −0.11 | 0.000*** | −7.01 | 0.000*** | −5.0% | 0.000*** |
| Less perceived alienation [PR] | −2.85 | 0.000*** | −0.04 | 0.000*** | −2.85 | 0.000*** | −2.0% | 0.000*** |
| Male | − | − | 0.18 | 0.000*** | − | − | 7.0% | 0.000*** |
| Age | − | − | −0.01 | 0.000*** | − | − | −0.8% | 0.000*** |
| White | − | − | −0.16 | 0.003** | − | − | −7.0% | 0.000*** |
| South region | − | − | 0.04 | 0.412 | − | − | 0.1% | 0.960 |
| Hours worked per week | − | − | −0.01 | 0.001** | − | − | −0.1% | 0.010* |
| Remote work arrangement | − | − | 0.08 | 0.311 | − | − | 3.5% | 0.138 |
| Work for public company | − | − | −0.04 | 0.575 | − | − | 1.6% | 0.472 |
| Company with 1,000+ employees | − | − | 0.05 | 0.400 | − | − | 4.1% | 0.011* |
| 5 years or more tenure | − | − | −0.05 | 0.325 | − | − | −8.4% | 0.000*** |
| Job satisfaction rating | − | − | −0.22 | 0.007** | − | − | −36.2% | 0.000*** |
Note(s): JR = Job Resource; PR=Personal Resource; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
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