Table III. Barriers to the actualization... | Emerald Publishing

Table III.

Barriers to the actualization of the technology affordances in nonprofit organizations

Category of barrier	Sub-category of barrier	Main references
Lack of resources	Availability of financial resources and equipment. Equipment received from donations, which are often obsolete. Reduced budget to finance the actions and commitment of donor dependency - availability of financial and material resources. Lack of technology to meet the specific characteristics of nonprofit organizations. Few resources devoted to training for new technologies. Organizations with small teams in which, in some situations, make people accumulate functions (size of the organization)	Popjoy (1992), McNutt and Boland (1999); Schneider (2003), Saidel and Cour (2003); Finn et al. (2006); Rodríguez et al. (2012); Zort et al. (2013), Eimhjellen et al. (2014); Tremblay-Boire and Prakash (2015)
Workforce profile	Team having employees and/or volunteers who do not always have experience or knowledge on how to handle and use the technology. Employee age and level of professionalism. Resistance of people in changing and adopting technologies Staff turnover. Manager profile. Difficulty in retaining talent	Popjoy (1992), McNutt and Boland (1999); Berlinger and Te’eni (1999); Saidel and Cour (2003), Schneider (2003); Finn et al. (2006), Zort et al. (2013); Eimhjellen et al. (2014)
Organizational structure	Some organizations have a very hierarchical and formal structure, whereas others have a more organic and horizontalized structure (greater ease of adopting technology)	Eimhjellen et al. (2014)
Specificities of the organizational mission	The organizational orientation involves values, goals, actions and purposes, which may result in an organizational complexity different from traditional business Specificity of the organizational mission (humanitarian, religious, non-hierarchical values) often hampers the direct application of technology	Berlinger and Te’eni (1999); Burt and Taylor (2003), Eimhjellen et al. (2014); Tremblay-Boire and Prakash (2015)

Category of barrier	Sub-category of barrier	Main references
Lack of resources	Availability of financial resources and equipment.Equipment received from donations, which are often obsolete.Reduced budget to finance the actions and commitment of donor dependency - availability of financial and material resources.Lack of technology to meet the specific characteristics of nonprofit organizations.Few resources devoted to training for new technologies.Organizations with small teams in which, in some situations, make people accumulate functions (size of the organization)	Popjoy (1992), McNutt and Boland (1999); Schneider (2003), Saidel and Cour (2003); Finn et al. (2006); Rodríguez et al. (2012); Zort et al. (2013), Eimhjellen et al. (2014); Tremblay-Boire and Prakash (2015)
Workforce profile	Team having employees and/or volunteers who do not always have experience or knowledge on how to handle and use the technology.Employee age and level of professionalism.Resistance of people in changing and adopting technologiesStaff turnover.Manager profile.Difficulty in retaining talent	Popjoy (1992), McNutt and Boland (1999); Berlinger and Te’eni (1999); Saidel and Cour (2003), Schneider (2003); Finn et al. (2006), Zort et al. (2013); Eimhjellen et al. (2014)
Organizational structure	Some organizations have a very hierarchical and formal structure, whereas others have a more organic and horizontalized structure (greater ease of adopting technology)	Eimhjellen et al. (2014)
Specificities of the organizational mission	The organizational orientation involves values, goals, actions and purposes, which may result in an organizational complexity different from traditional businessSpecificity of the organizational mission (humanitarian, religious, non-hierarchical values) often hampers the direct application of technology	Berlinger and Te’eni (1999); Burt and Taylor (2003), Eimhjellen et al. (2014); Tremblay-Boire and Prakash (2015)