Major coding differences among three approaches to content analysis
| Type of content analysis | Study starts with | Timing of defining codes or keywords | Source of codes or keywords |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional content analysis | Observation | Codes are defined during data analysis | Codes are derived from data |
| Directed content analysis | Theory | Codes are defined before and during data analysis | Codes are derived from theory or relevant research findings |
| Summative content analysis | Keywords | Keywords are identified before and during data analysis | Keywords are derived from the interest of researchers or review of literature |
| Type of content analysis | Study starts with | Timing of defining codes or keywords | Source of codes or keywords |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional content analysis | Observation | Codes are defined during data analysis | Codes are derived from data |
| Directed content analysis | Theory | Codes are defined before and during data analysis | Codes are derived from theory or relevant research findings |
| Summative content analysis | Keywords | Keywords are identified before and during data analysis | Keywords are derived from the interest of researchers or review of literature |
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